Final Flashcards
obsessive compulsive disorder
obsessions & ritualistic behavior
obsessions
- intrusive and distressing thoughts
- contamination, perfectionism, fear of harm to self or others
compulsions
- stereotyped
and ritualistic behavior - - washing/cleaning, checking, repeating
basal ganglia – PFC loops
from the striatum through the orbitofrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate/dorsomedial prefrontal cortex
cognitive behavioral therapy
involves both cognitive and behavioral exercises
- cognitive: challenging and correcting the cognitive distortions that feed obsessions
- behavioral: focus on habituation to the anxiety provoked by the feared stimuli
SSRIs
affect serotonin quickly, but mood effects take a while (depression does not equal too little serotonin)
- inhibit reuptake
Anterior cingulate lesions
most interior of the cortex (?)
schizophrenia
positive and negative symptoms; stikes in early adulthood and continues throughout life
positive symptoms
abnormalities of perception and cognition that appear in those with the disease
- include: fixed, false, and unusually bizarre beliefs of known delusions
hallucinations
false perceptions: hearing voices or feeling strange bodily sensations
delusions
fixed, false, bizarre beliefs
disorganized behavior/speech
nonsensical words or phrases or bizarre acts that are often motivated by delusions
negative symptoms
features of normal cognition and behavior that become lost in schizophrenia
poverty of speech/thought
a lack of spontaneous speech or thought or limited responses to cues to speak or think
flat affect
a lack of emotional expression, apparent in speech or facial expressions during social interaction
antipsychotic medications
block the D2 dopamine receptor; dose correlates closely with how tightly they bind to the D2 receptor
relationship between adolescent pruning and timing of Schizophrenia onset
pruning and thinning occurs during adolescents; a lot of pruning in sch. patients which causes abnormal loss of gray matter
dopamine hypothesis
abnormally high or dysregulated dopamine neurotransmission causes the symptoms of schizophrenia
glutamate hypothesis
suggests that too little glutamate neurotransmission, rather than too much dopamine, could account for both positive and the negative symptoms of schizophrenia
bipolar disorder
“manic-depressive illness”; periods of stable mood are interrupted by episodes of depression and mania
depression
low mood
mania
elevated mood
overlap with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
- symptoms: mania
- genetics: DISC1
mood stabilizers
cause patients to return to a normal mood
- lithium, antipsychotics, antiepileptics
monoamine hyptothesis
major depression was said to be caused by a deficiency of the monoamine neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine, and/or serotonin in the brain
subgenual cingulate cortex
anteriror region of the cingulate gyrus that is structurally similar to the primary motor cortex; exception includes connections that go to the amygdala rather than the motor neurons in spinal cord
barriers of psychotherapy
not widely covered by insurance and can be expensive; not all patients have the inclination, time, money, or motivation to complete therapy successfully
somatic treatments
TMS, ECT, DBS
TMS
transcranial magnetic stimulation
ECT
reset; shocks in the brain
DBS
- deep brain stimulation; reduces activity in this region
- last resort
