Final

Question 1

obsessive compulsive disorder

Answer 1

obsessions & ritualistic behavior

Question 2

obsessions

Answer 2

• intrusive and distressing thoughts

- contamination, perfectionism, fear of harm to self or others

Question 3

compulsions

Answer 3

• stereotyped

and ritualistic behavior - - washing/cleaning, checking, repeating

Question 4

basal ganglia – PFC loops

Answer 4

from the striatum through the orbitofrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate/dorsomedial prefrontal cortex

Question 5

cognitive behavioral therapy

Answer 5

involves both cognitive and behavioral exercises

• cognitive: challenging and correcting the cognitive distortions that feed obsessions
• behavioral: focus on habituation to the anxiety provoked by the feared stimuli

Question 6

SSRIs

Answer 6

affect serotonin quickly, but mood effects take a while (depression does not equal too little serotonin)
- inhibit reuptake

Question 7

Anterior cingulate lesions

Answer 7

most interior of the cortex (?)

Question 8

schizophrenia

Answer 8

positive and negative symptoms; stikes in early adulthood and continues throughout life

Question 9

positive symptoms

Answer 9

abnormalities of perception and cognition that appear in those with the disease
- include: fixed, false, and unusually bizarre beliefs of known delusions

Question 10

hallucinations

Answer 10

false perceptions: hearing voices or feeling strange bodily sensations

Question 11

delusions

Answer 11

fixed, false, bizarre beliefs

Question 12

disorganized behavior/speech

Answer 12

nonsensical words or phrases or bizarre acts that are often motivated by delusions

Question 13

negative symptoms

Answer 13

features of normal cognition and behavior that become lost in schizophrenia

Question 14

poverty of speech/thought

Answer 14

a lack of spontaneous speech or thought or limited responses to cues to speak or think

Question 15

flat affect

Answer 15

a lack of emotional expression, apparent in speech or facial expressions during social interaction

Question 16

antipsychotic medications

Answer 16

block the D2 dopamine receptor; dose correlates closely with how tightly they bind to the D2 receptor

Question 17

relationship between adolescent pruning and timing of Schizophrenia onset

Answer 17

pruning and thinning occurs during adolescents; a lot of pruning in sch. patients which causes abnormal loss of gray matter

Question 18

dopamine hypothesis

Answer 18

abnormally high or dysregulated dopamine neurotransmission causes the symptoms of schizophrenia

Question 19

glutamate hypothesis

Answer 19

suggests that too little glutamate neurotransmission, rather than too much dopamine, could account for both positive and the negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Question 20

bipolar disorder

Answer 20

“manic-depressive illness”; periods of stable mood are interrupted by episodes of depression and mania

Question 21

depression

Answer 21

low mood

Question 22

mania

Answer 22

elevated mood

Question 23

overlap with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

Answer 23

• symptoms: mania

- genetics: DISC1

Question 24

mood stabilizers

Answer 24

cause patients to return to a normal mood

- lithium, antipsychotics, antiepileptics

Question 25

monoamine hyptothesis

Answer 25

major depression was said to be caused by a deficiency of the monoamine neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine, and/or serotonin in the brain

Question 26

subgenual cingulate cortex

Answer 26

anteriror region of the cingulate gyrus that is structurally similar to the primary motor cortex; exception includes connections that go to the amygdala rather than the motor neurons in spinal cord

Question 27

barriers of psychotherapy

Answer 27

not widely covered by insurance and can be expensive; not all patients have the inclination, time, money, or motivation to complete therapy successfully

Question 28

somatic treatments

Answer 28

TMS, ECT, DBS

Question 29

TMS

Answer 29

transcranial magnetic stimulation

Question 30

ECT

Answer 30

reset; shocks in the brain

Question 31

DBS

Answer 31

• deep brain stimulation; reduces activity in this region

- last resort