Final

Question 1

Paradigm

Answer 1

A Paradigm is a group of theories or core assumptions

Question 2

Structural Realism

Answer 2

Realism is one of the oldest and best-known theories.
Structural realism makes the key assumptions that states are #1 actors,
the international system is anarchic,
these nations worry about security first,
power dynamics are key,
states are unitary rational actors.

Question 3

Offensive Realism

Answer 3

States maximize power

Question 4

Defensive Realism-

Answer 4

States maximize security. Note, security is very different than power.

Question 5

Neo-Classical Realism

Answer 5

Systemic pressure filtered downward through domestic institutions. Focus on grand strategy of one country. Neo classical realism is focused on how countries react to these pressures.

Question 6

Analytical Liberalism

Answer 6

Domestic interest groups organize to lobby the government to pursue foreign policy. Used to explain and understand. Not an ideal. Upward pressure from individuals with common interests forming groups, hence “liberalism”

Question 7

Marxism

Answer 7

Class conflict drives foreign policy

Question 8

Constructivism

Answer 8

Actors are socially constructed therefore norms and ideals shape identities. Those in turn shape interests. Very postmodern.

Question 9

Bureaucratic Politics-

Answer 9

A state policy choice reflects arguments within the government coming at the bureaucratic level.

Question 10

Individuals Idiosyncrasies

Answer 10

Policymakers are individuals with unique approaches and experiences. The policymaker is the central actor.

Question 11

Grand Strategy

Answer 11

Notion of setting long term goals and figuring out the means to achieve those goals over time. Made up of security policy and foreign economic policy.

Question 12

External Balancing

Answer 12

Find allies, redirect trade among those allies. Balance against potential security threats with those allies. Do stuff externally to respond to issues.

Question 13

Internal Balancing

Answer 13

Arms races. Internal development (at a cost to others) look internally for responses to threats.

Question 14

Bandwagoning

Answer 14

Look at the environment, see a threat, ally with a dominant power, tie yourself to that power economically, follow their policy and hope they protect you. “If you can’t beat them, join them”

Question 15

Buck-Passing

Answer 15

Maintain neutrality and hope someone else deals with the problem. Follow your own interests at a cost to others. Basically isolationism.

Question 16

Appeasement

Answer 16

Concede to threats, long term economic cooperation to create future opportunities.

Question 17

American Exceptionalism

Answer 17

The idea that America is a unique place that is special and has a duty to protect that “specialness”. Raises multiple questions of how USA should interact with other countries.

Question 18

Entangling Alliances

Answer 18

A warning from Jefferson’s inaugural address which basically pointed out that if you have alliances with other countries, you need to take their interests into account as well. This is a “pet phrase” for isolationists. This is representative of George Washington’s philosophy but was said by Jefferson.

Question 19

Jefferson’s Inaugural

Answer 19

Inaugural address where he said the entangling alliances quote.

Question 20

The Monroe Doctrine

Answer 20

Signed in 1823. Stated that America would NOT accept recolonization. Raised the question of if America should support colonies rebelling against the colonizers, USA would not actively support rebellion. USA did not have the power to enforce this in 1823, but since Britain had trade interests with USA they “appeased” it and didn’t fuck with the colonies.

Question 21

Factor Based Interests

Answer 21

Owners of common factors (Land, Labor, Capital) will be allied with one another. Owners of land prefer free trade. Labor and Capital owners prefer protectionism. Based on comparative advantage.

Question 22

Sector Based Interests

Answer 22

Industries that are using the factor inputs will ally together on economic policy. Urban industrial manufacturing was very capital and labor intensive so they were protectionist. Agriculture was made up of all three inputs so agriculture varied.

Question 23

Sectionalism

Answer 23

Idea there is a large distribution of interests in the United states and they were concentrated geographically. Industrial manufacturing was mainly north east. Capital intensive agriculture was mainly central north. Land intensive agriculture was west and Midwest. Labor intensive agriculture in the south.

Question 24

William McKinley

Answer 24

President from 1897-1901, 25th president, was a Republican. He won a second term in 1900 but was assassinated about six months into his second term. Led nation to victory in Spanish-American war, raised a lot of protective tariffs, and helped with the Sherman Act.

Question 25

McKinley Tariff 1890

Answer 25

Signed in 1890, put high tariffs on industrial and agricultural goods. Argued for Tariffs as an effective way to protect domestic industries rather than as a way to increase government revenue.

Question 26

Dingley Tariff 1897

Answer 26

Similar to McKinley Tariff, but re-instituted strong tariffs at even higher rates than McKinley Tariff.

Question 27

Spanish American War

Answer 27

Fought between the United States and Spain in 1998. Tensions rose after the explosion of the USS Maine in Cuba. The United states went on to intervene in the Cuban war of independence, in addition to America attacking Spain in other locations (like the Philippines). With occupations of various territories the United States reluctantly became an imperial power.

Question 28

Yellow Journalism

Answer 28

The concept of journalists sensationalizing moral issues. Made Cuba situation with the Spanish-American war into a moral crisis. Printing press increased the amount to which journalists could be sensationalist.

Question 29

U.S.S. Maine-

Answer 29

Ship that blew up near Cuba, leading to the Spanish American war. Still unclear why it actually blew up.

Question 30

Teller Amendment

Answer 30

A response to McKinley declaring war, stating that if the US got involved in Cuba they could not “take it over” they could only liberate it and leave it to the people.

Question 31

Alfred T. Mahan

Answer 31

Naval strategist who helped with the strategy around the Spanish-American war. US navy kicked ass.