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comm101 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Oral style

A

the use of language that is simpler, more repetitious, more rhythmic, and more interactive than written language.

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2
Q

Concrete language

A

is specific, tangible, and definite. Words such as “mountain,” “spoon,” “dark,” and “heavy” describe things we can physically sense

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3
Q

Abstract language

A

is general or nonspecific, leaving meaning open to interpretation. Abstract words, such as “peace,” “freedom,” and “love,” are purely conceptual; they have no physical reference.

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4
Q

Imagery

A

is concrete language that brings into play the senses of smell, taste, sight, hearing, and touch to paint mental pictures.

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5
Q

Simile

A

explicitly compares one thing to another, using like or as: “He works like a dog,”and “The old woman’s hands were as soft as a baby’s.”

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6
Q

Metaphor

A

also compares two things, but does so by describing one thing as actually being the other: “Time is a thief.”

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7
Q

An analogy

A

is simply an extended metaphor or simile that compares an unfamiliar concept or process to a more familiar one.

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8
Q

Code Switching

A

selective use of dialects

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9
Q

Malapropisms

A

the inadvertent, incorrect uses of a word or phrase in place of one that sounds like it (“It’s a strange receptacle” for “It’s a strange spectacle”).

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10
Q

A verb is in the active voice

A

when the subject performs the action

active listening will make an audience see you as a clear and concise speaker

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11
Q

A verb is in the passive voice

A

when the subject is acted upon or is the receiver of the action

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12
Q

In epiphora (also called epistrophe)

A

the repetition of a word or phrase appears at the end of successive statements.

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13
Q

Alliteration

A

s the repetition of the same sounds, usually initial consonants, in two or more neighboring words or syllables.

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14
Q

Parallelism

A

The arrangement of words, phrases, or sentences in a similar form

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15
Q

Speaking from manuscript

A

you read a speech verbatim—that is, from prepared written text that contains the entire speech, word for word

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16
Q

Speaking from memory is oratory.

A

In oratorical style, you put the entire speech, word for word, into writing and then commit it to memory.

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17
Q

Impromptu speaking

A

a type of delivery that is unpracticed, spontaneous, or improvised, involves speaking on relatively short notice with little time to prepared

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18
Q

Extemporaneous speech

A

instead of memorizing or writing the speech word for word, you speak from an outline of key words and phrases

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19
Q

Volume

A

the relative loudness of a speaker’s voice while delivering a speech, is usually the most obvious vocal element we notice about a speaker, and with good reason

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20
Q

Pitch

A

is the range of sounds from high to low

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21
Q

Pauses

A

enhance meaning by providing a type of punctuation, emphasizing a point, drawing attention to a thought, or just allowing listeners a moment to contem- plate what is being said.

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22
Q

Speaking rate

A

is the pace at which you convey speech. The normal rate of speech for native English-speaking adults is roughly between 120 and 150 words per minute

23
Q

Pronunciation

A

is the correct formation of word sounds

24
Q

Articulation

A

is the clarity or forcefulness with which the sounds are made, regardless of whether they are pronounced correctly

25
Q

dialects

A

subcultural variations on the preferred pronunciation and articulation of its languages.

26
Q

From our facial expressions

A

audiences can gauge whether we are excited about, disenchanted by, or indifferent to our speech — and the audience to whom we are presenting it.

smiling. Nature is the rule

27
Q

Eye contact

A

is mandatory.
Maintains the quality of directness in speech delivery. Lets people know they are recognized.
Indicates acknowledgment and respect.
Signals to audience members that you see them as unique human beings.

28
Q

General Body Movements

A

Natural gestures, immediacy, stand straight

29
Q

A presentation aid

A

can be an object, model, picture, graph, chart, table, audio, video, or multimedia.

30
Q

A prop can be

A

any object, inanimate or even live, that helps demonstrate the speaker’s points.

31
Q

A model

A

is a three- dimensional, scale-size representation of an object.

32
Q

A graph represents

A

represents relationships among two or more things

33
Q

line graph

A

uses points connected by lines to demonstrate how something changes or fluctuates in value.

34
Q

bar and column graph

A

uses bars of varying lengths to compare quantities or magnitudes

35
Q

Pie graphs

A

depict the division of a whole into slices. Each slice constitutes a percentage of the whole.

36
Q

Audio and video clips

A

can motivate attention and help to move among and clarify points.

37
Q

persuasive speech

A

is meant to influence audience mem- bers’ attitudes, beliefs, values, and/or behavior by appealing to some combination of their needs, desires, interests, and even fears.

38
Q

logos

A

to refer to persuasive appeals directed at the audience’s systematic reasoning on a topic.

39
Q

pathos

A

appealing to listeners emotions.

40
Q

ethos

A

the audience’s perceptions of the speaker’s competence, character, and concern for the audi- ence.

41
Q

Claims of fact

A

focus on whether something is or is not true or whether something will or will not happen. They usually address issues for which two or more competing answers exist, or those for which an answer does not yet exist (called a speculative claim). An example of the first is, “Global warming is causing more extreme weather patterns.” An example of the second is “A woman president will be elected in the next U.S. presidential election.”

42
Q

Claims of value

A

address issues of judgment. Speakers arguing claims of value try to show that something is
right or wrong, good or bad, worthy or unworthy. Exam- ples include “Is assisted suicide ethical?” and “Is any painting worth $100 million?” Evidence in support of a value claim tends to be more subjective than for a fact claim.

43
Q

Claims of policy

A

recommend that a specific course of action be taken or approved. Legislators regularly con- struct arguments based on claims of policy:“Should we pass a law restricting the use of handguns/genetically modified foods/firecrackers?” Anyone can argue for a claim of policy as long as he or she advocates for or against a given plan. In claims of policy the word should appears; it speaks to an“ought”condition, proposing that certain better outcomes would be realized if the pro- posed condition were met

44
Q

The motivated sequence pattern

A

five-step sequence that begins with arousing listeners’ attention and ends with calling for action.

STEP 1: ATTENTION The attention step addresses listeners’ core concerns, making the speech highly relevant to them.
STEP 2: NEED The need step isolates the issue to be addressed. If you can show the members of an audience that they have an important need that must be satisfied or a problem that must be solved, they will have a reason to listen to your propositions.
STEP 3: SATISFACTION The satisfaction step identifies the solution. This step begins the crux of the speech, offering the audience a proposal to reinforce or change their attitudes, beliefs, and values regarding the need at hand.
STEP 4: VISUALIZATION The visualization step provides the audience with a vision of anticipated outcomes associated with the solution. The purpose of this step is to carry audi- ence members beyond accepting the feasibility of your pro- posal to seeing how it will actually benefit them.
STEP 5: ACTION Finally, in the action step the speaker asks audience members to act according to their acceptance of the message. This may involve reconsidering their present way of thinking about something, continuing to believe as they do but with greater com

45
Q

Types of Persuasive Speeches

A
  • Political speeches
  • Speeches advocating social change
  • Advertisements
  • Motivational Speeches
  • Sermons
46
Q

Types of Audiences

A 
Audience Psychology
•	Attitudes
o	Our general evaluations of people, ideas, objects, or events 
•	Beliefs
o	How we perceive reality
•	Values
o	Our most enduring judgments about what is good and bad in life
	Most resistant to change

Demographics

Getting information from audience

47
Q

Speech of introduction

A

Give the audience sufficient reasons for actively listening to the speaker and topic

Be brief

48
Q

Welcomes

A

o Provide a formal, public greeting to a visiting person or group
o Make them feel comfortable and appreciated in the new and unfamiliar environment
o Extend warm greetings and promote feelings of friendship
o Be brief

49
Q

Award Speeches

A

o Presenting an award
• Recognize the notable accomplishments of the individual or group
• Focus on both the organization giving the award and the award itself
• Mention the qualifications of the recipient and similarities with other honorees
• Be brief

50
Q

Accepting an award

A
  • Graciously acknowledge the award and communicate appreciation for having your accomplishments recognized
  • Be sincerely appreciative of the award
  • Thank those who made the accomplishment possible
  • Never draw attention to some other social or political cause
  • Be brief
51
Q

Tribute speeches

A

acknowledging major or long-term accomplishments of an individual or group
o Eulogies
o Toasts

52
Q

Commencement speeches

A

o Delivered at graduation exercises
o Describe, recognize and celebrate the significance of the occasion
o Praise and congratulate the individuals
o Acknowledge those in the audience for their support
o Challenge those who are graduating to look ahead and consider their future roles in society

53
Q

Special Occasion Speeches

A

Speech of introduction, Welcomes, Award, Accepting an award, Tribute, and Commencement

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