Final Flashcards
Oral style
the use of language that is simpler, more repetitious, more rhythmic, and more interactive than written language.
Concrete language
is specific, tangible, and definite. Words such as “mountain,” “spoon,” “dark,” and “heavy” describe things we can physically sense
Abstract language
is general or nonspecific, leaving meaning open to interpretation. Abstract words, such as “peace,” “freedom,” and “love,” are purely conceptual; they have no physical reference.
Imagery
is concrete language that brings into play the senses of smell, taste, sight, hearing, and touch to paint mental pictures.
Simile
explicitly compares one thing to another, using like or as: “He works like a dog,”and “The old woman’s hands were as soft as a baby’s.”
Metaphor
also compares two things, but does so by describing one thing as actually being the other: “Time is a thief.”
An analogy
is simply an extended metaphor or simile that compares an unfamiliar concept or process to a more familiar one.
Code Switching
selective use of dialects
Malapropisms
the inadvertent, incorrect uses of a word or phrase in place of one that sounds like it (“It’s a strange receptacle” for “It’s a strange spectacle”).
A verb is in the active voice
when the subject performs the action
active listening will make an audience see you as a clear and concise speaker
A verb is in the passive voice
when the subject is acted upon or is the receiver of the action
In epiphora (also called epistrophe)
the repetition of a word or phrase appears at the end of successive statements.
Alliteration
s the repetition of the same sounds, usually initial consonants, in two or more neighboring words or syllables.
Parallelism
The arrangement of words, phrases, or sentences in a similar form
Speaking from manuscript
you read a speech verbatim—that is, from prepared written text that contains the entire speech, word for word
Speaking from memory is oratory.
In oratorical style, you put the entire speech, word for word, into writing and then commit it to memory.
Impromptu speaking
a type of delivery that is unpracticed, spontaneous, or improvised, involves speaking on relatively short notice with little time to prepared
Extemporaneous speech
instead of memorizing or writing the speech word for word, you speak from an outline of key words and phrases
Volume
the relative loudness of a speaker’s voice while delivering a speech, is usually the most obvious vocal element we notice about a speaker, and with good reason
Pitch
is the range of sounds from high to low
Pauses
enhance meaning by providing a type of punctuation, emphasizing a point, drawing attention to a thought, or just allowing listeners a moment to contem- plate what is being said.
Speaking rate
is the pace at which you convey speech. The normal rate of speech for native English-speaking adults is roughly between 120 and 150 words per minute
Pronunciation
is the correct formation of word sounds
Articulation
is the clarity or forcefulness with which the sounds are made, regardless of whether they are pronounced correctly
dialects
subcultural variations on the preferred pronunciation and articulation of its languages.
From our facial expressions
audiences can gauge whether we are excited about, disenchanted by, or indifferent to our speech — and the audience to whom we are presenting it.
smiling. Nature is the rule
Eye contact
is mandatory.
Maintains the quality of directness in speech delivery. Lets people know they are recognized.
Indicates acknowledgment and respect.
Signals to audience members that you see them as unique human beings.
General Body Movements
Natural gestures, immediacy, stand straight
A presentation aid
can be an object, model, picture, graph, chart, table, audio, video, or multimedia.
A prop can be
any object, inanimate or even live, that helps demonstrate the speaker’s points.
A model
is a three- dimensional, scale-size representation of an object.
A graph represents
represents relationships among two or more things
line graph
uses points connected by lines to demonstrate how something changes or fluctuates in value.
bar and column graph
uses bars of varying lengths to compare quantities or magnitudes
Pie graphs
depict the division of a whole into slices. Each slice constitutes a percentage of the whole.
Audio and video clips
can motivate attention and help to move among and clarify points.
persuasive speech
is meant to influence audience mem- bers’ attitudes, beliefs, values, and/or behavior by appealing to some combination of their needs, desires, interests, and even fears.
logos
to refer to persuasive appeals directed at the audience’s systematic reasoning on a topic.
pathos
appealing to listeners emotions.
ethos
the audience’s perceptions of the speaker’s competence, character, and concern for the audi- ence.
Claims of fact
focus on whether something is or is not true or whether something will or will not happen. They usually address issues for which two or more competing answers exist, or those for which an answer does not yet exist (called a speculative claim). An example of the first is, “Global warming is causing more extreme weather patterns.” An example of the second is “A woman president will be elected in the next U.S. presidential election.”
Claims of value
address issues of judgment. Speakers arguing claims of value try to show that something is
right or wrong, good or bad, worthy or unworthy. Exam- ples include “Is assisted suicide ethical?” and “Is any painting worth $100 million?” Evidence in support of a value claim tends to be more subjective than for a fact claim.
Claims of policy
recommend that a specific course of action be taken or approved. Legislators regularly con- struct arguments based on claims of policy:“Should we pass a law restricting the use of handguns/genetically modified foods/firecrackers?” Anyone can argue for a claim of policy as long as he or she advocates for or against a given plan. In claims of policy the word should appears; it speaks to an“ought”condition, proposing that certain better outcomes would be realized if the pro- posed condition were met
The motivated sequence pattern
five-step sequence that begins with arousing listeners’ attention and ends with calling for action.
STEP 1: ATTENTION The attention step addresses listeners’ core concerns, making the speech highly relevant to them.
STEP 2: NEED The need step isolates the issue to be addressed. If you can show the members of an audience that they have an important need that must be satisfied or a problem that must be solved, they will have a reason to listen to your propositions.
STEP 3: SATISFACTION The satisfaction step identifies the solution. This step begins the crux of the speech, offering the audience a proposal to reinforce or change their attitudes, beliefs, and values regarding the need at hand.
STEP 4: VISUALIZATION The visualization step provides the audience with a vision of anticipated outcomes associated with the solution. The purpose of this step is to carry audi- ence members beyond accepting the feasibility of your pro- posal to seeing how it will actually benefit them.
STEP 5: ACTION Finally, in the action step the speaker asks audience members to act according to their acceptance of the message. This may involve reconsidering their present way of thinking about something, continuing to believe as they do but with greater com
Types of Persuasive Speeches
- Political speeches
- Speeches advocating social change
- Advertisements
- Motivational Speeches
- Sermons
Types of Audiences
Audience Psychology • Attitudes o Our general evaluations of people, ideas, objects, or events • Beliefs o How we perceive reality • Values o Our most enduring judgments about what is good and bad in life Most resistant to change
Demographics
Getting information from audience
Speech of introduction
Give the audience sufficient reasons for actively listening to the speaker and topic
Be brief
Welcomes
o Provide a formal, public greeting to a visiting person or group
o Make them feel comfortable and appreciated in the new and unfamiliar environment
o Extend warm greetings and promote feelings of friendship
o Be brief
Award Speeches
o Presenting an award
• Recognize the notable accomplishments of the individual or group
• Focus on both the organization giving the award and the award itself
• Mention the qualifications of the recipient and similarities with other honorees
• Be brief
Accepting an award
- Graciously acknowledge the award and communicate appreciation for having your accomplishments recognized
- Be sincerely appreciative of the award
- Thank those who made the accomplishment possible
- Never draw attention to some other social or political cause
- Be brief
Tribute speeches
acknowledging major or long-term accomplishments of an individual or group
o Eulogies
o Toasts
Commencement speeches
o Delivered at graduation exercises
o Describe, recognize and celebrate the significance of the occasion
o Praise and congratulate the individuals
o Acknowledge those in the audience for their support
o Challenge those who are graduating to look ahead and consider their future roles in society
Special Occasion Speeches
Speech of introduction, Welcomes, Award, Accepting an award, Tribute, and Commencement
