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Therio > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is the source of progesterone (P4) in the dog?

A

The corpus luteum ( the only source)

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2
Q

What hormones are necessary in the dog for CL maintenance for the last half of diestrus?

A
  1. Prolactin

2. LH from pituitary

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3
Q

What is endogenous PGF2a’s role in diestrus and pregnancy in the bitch?

A

It is not involved in luteolysis in the non-pregnant female but it is involved in luteolysis at the end of gestation in the pregnant female.

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4
Q

How long is diestrus in a bitch?

A

60 days

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5
Q

What is the gestation length in a bitch/

A

Day 1 Diestrus: 57
Ovulation: 63 days
LH surge: 65 days

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6
Q

What is pseudopregnancy?

A

Behavioral and physical changes observed at the end of a non-pregnant diestrus phase

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7
Q

How does pseudopregnancy occur in dogs?

A

A reduction in progesterone at the end of diestrus leads to an overproduction of prolactin

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8
Q

How is pseudopregnancy treated in dogs?

A

PRL inhibitors that acts as dopamine agonists

  • Bromocryptine
  • Cabergoline
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9
Q

At what day do embryos enter the uterus in a dog? WHen do the embryos implant?

A

Day 10

Day 22

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10
Q

What type of placentas do cags and cats have?

A

Endotheliochorial, zonary, modified deciduate

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11
Q

Why is pregnancy diagnosis in dogs rational?

A

It helps to confirm gestation and fetal health, prepares owner for parturition, owners can sell while pups are in utero, can prove the fertility of the stud, can confirm/mange single puppy syndrome , and differentiate failure to conceive versus resorption.

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12
Q

What methods can be used to diagnose pregnancy in a dog?

A
  1. Transabdominal palpation
  2. Transabdominal ultrasound
  3. Radiographs
  4. Relaxin assay
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13
Q

When is the time period abdominal palpation in a dog would be useful for pregnancy detection?

A

35-30 days of gestation

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14
Q

When is transabdominal ultrasound useful for detecting pregnancy in a dog?

A

25-30 days post LH surge

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15
Q

When is the earliest embryonic vesicles can be detected in a dog on u/s? When can they be properly visualized?

A

Day 19

Day 22

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16
Q

What is a normal HR for a canine fetus in utero?

A

200-250

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17
Q

What occurs to a canine fetus’s heart rate when it is stressed?

A

< 170

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18
Q

When can gestational age be most accurately determined in dogs?

A

Day 30, but reasonable til Day 39

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19
Q

How could you predict gestational age in a dog at less than 40 days?

A

GA=(6 x gestational sac diameter) + 20 or

GA=(3 x crown-rump length) + 27

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20
Q

Wow would you predict gestational age in a dog at greater than 40 days?

A

GA= (15 x head diameter) + 20 OR
GA= (7 x boy diameter) + 29 OR
GA=(6 x head diameter) + (3 x body diameter) + 30

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21
Q

How can you estimate how many days before parturition in a dog?

A

Days Before Parturition= 65- Gestational age

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22
Q

Why are radiographs useful/not useful when diagnosing/monitoring a pregnant bitch?

A
  1. Confirms the number of fetuses near term
  2. Insensitive for early diagnosis of fetal death
  3. Permits evaluation of bitch’s pelvic anatomy
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23
Q

What are relaxin assays used for in pregnant dogs ?

A

It can help detect pregnancy as it is elevated from day 22-27 post LH surge until the end of pregnancy.

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24
Q

What do pregnant dogs do during before labor begins?

A
  1. Body temperatures drops after a drop in progesterone occurs
  2. Nesting
  3. Seek seclusion
  4. Refuse food
25
Q

What occurs during stage 1 of canine labor and how long does it last?

A

Vaginal relaxation, cervical dilation, uterine contractions, and behavior changes
6-12 hours

26
Q

What occurs during stage 2 of canine labor and how long does it last?

A

Rectal temps return to normal, abdominal straining begins and allantoic fluid is expelled along with the first fetus
3-13 hours

27
Q

What occurs during stage 3 of canine labor/how long does it last?

A

The placenta is expelled and uterine horn shortens

4-6 hours

28
Q

Which stage of canine labor can be voluntarily stopped?

A

Stage 2

29
Q

What is a normal interval between canine births during labor?

A

5-120 minutes

30
Q

Which breed of dogs have a predilection for dystocia?

A
  1. Scottish terriers
  2. Brachycepahlic breeds
  3. Small breeds
31
Q

How is dystocia evaluated?

A
  1. No signs of labor/temp drop by due date and up to 3 days after
  2. Temp drop without labor signs in 12-24 hours
  3. 2-3 hours of vaginal discharge
  4. Abdominal contractions for 30 min without puppy explusion
  5. Parturiation lasting > 24 hours
  6. Part of fetus protruding from vagina
  7. Systemic illness in dam
32
Q

What is the most common maternal cause of dystocia in dogs?

A

Primary uterine inertia

33
Q

What is primary uterine inertia?

A

Failure of myometrium to establish a contractile pattern adequate to expel neonates from uterus

34
Q

What causes primary uterine inertia?

A

Unknown, possibly genetic or do to litter size

35
Q

What are the clinical signs of primary uterine inertia in dogs?

A

Stage 1 labor not initiated

36
Q

How is primary uterine inertia diagnosed and treated?

A
  1. Tocodynamometry
  2. Failure of uterine muscle to respond to oxytocin or ferguson’s reflex stimulation

Treated with C-section

37
Q

What is secondary uterine inertia?

A

Prolonged uterine contractions fail to expel a fetus obstructing the birth canal or failure to expel all fetuses

38
Q

What are the causes of secondary uterine inertia?

A
  1. Narrow pelvis
  2. Pelvic traume
  3. Congenital malformation
  4. Other issues that cause obstruction fo the uterus opening
39
Q

What are the clinical signs of secondary uterine inertia?

A

Green/brown vaginal discharge and/or abdominal contractions for 30 min without expulsion of a puppy

40
Q

How is secondary uterine inertia diagnosed and treated?

A

Clinical signs and failure of uterine muscle to respong to oxytocin or ferguson’s reflex stimulation

Treat medically with oxytocin/calcium or with C-section

41
Q

What are abnormal positions for a fetus to be in with a pregnant canine?

A
  1. Head deflected downward compressing the bladder/urethra at pelvic inlet
  2. Caudal presentation with hind limbs are forward extentions to the puppy is not engaging with the birth canal
42
Q

What are two fetal congenital anomalies that can cause dystocia in canines?

A
  1. Monstrosities (hydrocephalus, duplications)

2. Anasarca ( water puppies)

43
Q

What is an indication for obstetrical manipulations in a dog?

A

The fetus is palpable within the vagina

44
Q

What do you need and how would you perform obstetrical manipulation in a dog?

A

Be clean, be gentle and used lots of lube

Need a snook hook, sponge forceps, guaze and snare made from 3@ suture with a slip knot

Don’t grasp tail or single limb…can injure fetus and dam

45
Q

What are some indications for pursuing medical management in a dog in dystocia?

A
  1. Dam in good health
  2. Labor not prolonged
  3. Cervical dilation and fetal size/positions permits vaginal birth
46
Q

What drugs/medications can be used to medically manage dystocia in dogs?

A
  1. Acepromazine to overcome voluntary inhibition of parturition
  2. Oxtytocin to increase frequency of uterine contractions
  3. Calcium to increase strength of uterine contractions
47
Q

Describe the steps that need to be taken in order to treat a dog in dystocia medically.

A
  1. PE with vaginal exam and attempt at digital manipulation of fetuses
  2. IV catheter, lab work, start fluids and correct defecits
  3. Abdominal rads and U/S or doppler
  4. Admin low dose oxytocin SC or IM and monitor fetal heart rates each hour
  5. Admin calcium gluconate IV over 20 if puppies arnt delivered in 30 min
  6. Repeat oxytocin
  7. Repeat again is 30 min pass without a puppy
  8. C section
48
Q

When is it necessary to intervene in canine parturition?

A
  1. Green/black vaginal discharge

2. Fetal heart rate 100-170 range

49
Q

How can you predict the whelping date?

A

Breeding to whelping date is usually around 57-72 days and can also used LH surge and ovulation times to estimate. If progesterone drops, rectal temp drop

50
Q

Why is knowing the timing of whelping in dogs so important?

A

Removal of puppies > 48 hours before natural whelp day or >48 overdue are not viable. Delay of 24 h onset of stage II labor results in loss of all puppies.

51
Q

If electing for a C-section in a dog, when is it schedules?

A

63 days from ovulation

52
Q

What are some indications for elective C-section in dogs?

A
  1. Singelton fetuses
  2. Giant breed with small litter
  3. If uterine inertia a concern
  4. History of dystocia
53
Q

How would you evaluate a dog to about to undergo elective c-section?

A
  1. History
  2. Confirm pregnancy
  3. U/S
  4. Progesterone assay
  5. Radiographs
54
Q

What is a normal fetal heart rate?

A

2-3x the dams and will slow 4-5 days before whelping

55
Q

A canine fetus has a heart rate of 140, what does this mean?

A

Death is imminent

56
Q

A canine fetus has a heart rate of 170, what does this mean?

A

The fetus is stressed

57
Q

What is the criteria for a C-section in a dog?

A
  1. Primary uterine inertia or partial that isn’t responding to medical management
  2. Secondary uterine inertia
  3. Obstruction in pelvic canal
  4. Uncorrectable fetal malposition
  5. Fetal death
  6. Oversized fetus
  7. Fetal heart rate < 150 or fetal bowel movements seen on U/S
58
Q

How do you prepare a dog for a c-section?

A
  1. SoluDelta Cortef 2-8 hours pre-op
  2. Pre-oxygenate
  3. Remifentanil, propofol IV, local line block, Isoflorane
  4. Hydromorphone and nocita after delivery

Therio (4 decks)

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