final Flashcards
Small, circular DNA not part of genome
Functions: antibiotic resistance, virulence, nitrogen fixation, etc.
Transformation: external DNA transferred to or taken up by organism
Addition of genes on plasmid DNA changes phenotype
Genetic engineering:
Mutation: change in DNA sequence
Gene cloning or editing: new genes added to or replace genes on plasmid
Requires DNA strands to be cut
plasmids
AKA restriction endonucleases Cut double-stranded DNA Specific cut sites: palindrome sequences Read same in both directions (radar, madam, etc.) Read same on both DNA backbones Results in sticky ends: backbones cut at different locations EcoRI Naturally occurs in E. coli Creates 4 nucleotide-long sticky ends
restriction enzymes
tet resistant
tet & UV resistant
tet & ampicillin resistant
each bacteria transformed with plasmids for these phenotypes
what do serological pipettes measure?
milliliters (mL)
osmosis
net movement of water across a semipermeable;e membrane
hemolysis
destruction on red blood cells
spectrometer
measures how light reacts with absorbance of substances
diffusion
net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration
concentrations are relative to ______.
another solution
is concentration an example of discrete data or continuous data?
continuous
In lab you measure the absorbance at specific time intervals in order to calculate concentration. What is the independent variable?
time
when plotting continuous data, would you use a scatter plot or a bar graph?
scatterplot
how do enzymes catalyze a reaction without being consumed?
by lowering the activation energy
what differs between the general model and the induced-fit model of enzyme catalysts?
enzyme changes conformation in induced fit model
benzoquinone (substrate, product, or enzyme?)
product
catechol (substrate, product, or enzyme?)
substrate
catecholase (substrate, product, or enzyme?)
enzyme
what was the main dependent variable from the enzyme lab?
benzoquinone concentration
null hypothesis
the amount of sunlight per day throughout the year will not significantly effect plant growth
alternative hypothesis
the amount of sunlight per day throughout the year will significantly significantly effect plant growth
prediction
high amounts of sunlight will cause plant growth to increase
if the p-value is greater than .05 do you reject or fail to reject the null?
fail to reject
solutions that have equal amounts of solute
isotonic
greater concentration of solutes outside of a cell compared to inside of cell.
hypertonic
greater concentration of solutes inside of a cell compared to outside of cell
hypotonic
can water freely pass through the cell membrane?
yes
as permeability decreases, molecular weight
increases
as polarity increases, permeability
decreases
caption for a table
above
caption for a figure
below
the hemolysis lab measured the time to hemolysis for molecules varying in either polarity or molecular weight. what was the dependent variable?
time to hemolysis
the hemolysis lab measured the time to hemolysis for molecules varying in either polarity or molecular weight. what was the independent variable?
molecular weight
null hypothesis for hemolysis lab
molecular weight will not have a significant effect on the time to hemolysis
alternative hypothesis for hemolysis lab
molecular weight will have a significant effect on time to hemolysis
what gas is necessary for photosynthesis?
co2
2 products of photosynthesis
oxygen, sugars
what is paper chromatography useful for?
separating wavelengths
the leaves of most plants ______ absorb green light
DO NOT
why do photosynthetic organisms have different types of pigments?
so they can absorb different frequencies and wavelengths of light
what was the difference between the extracts spinach and cyanobacteria spirulina?
they have different pigments
location of photosynthesis
chloroplasts
spectroscope
measures wavelength of light absorbance
what pigments travel farthest from the origin line on chromatography paper?
non polar pigments, because they are repelled by the polar origin line
fermentation allows some cells to metabolize organic nutrients and produce atp in the absence of
oxygen
what carbon metabolism pathway is fermentation?
aerobic
what makes fermentation an aerobic pathway?
no 02 is present
dependent variable in the chromatography lab
co2 production
independent variable in the chromatography lab
time
_____ is one factor that separates DNA molecules during gel electrophoresis
size
