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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What protein acts as a biological catalyst

A

enzymes

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2
Q

What is the role of a catalyst?

A

To speed up chemical reactions and lower activation energy

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3
Q

The compound that is being broken down and put together is referred to as

A

substrate

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4
Q

The site on the substrate where the enzyme attaches is called

A

active site/enzyme-substrate complex

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5
Q

In reference to the image, what happens to the enzyme and substrate during a chemical reaction?

A

The enzyme is either broken down or built (it changes) and the enzyme shape stays the same

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6
Q

What are the monomers and polymers of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides and disaccharides

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7
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

A

store energy

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8
Q

What are the polymers and monomers of lipids?

A

Glycerol and fatty acids, triglyceride

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9
Q

What are the functions of lipids in our bodies?

A

Provide energy: insulation, cushion organs, cell membranes

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10
Q

Beginning with macromolecules and ending with biosphere , what are the levels of organization?

A

Macromolecule-cells-tissues-organs-organ systems-organism/species-population-community-ecosystem-biome-biosphere

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11
Q

What are organelles?

A

Specialized membrane-bound structure within cells

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12
Q

What organelle helps to maintain homeostasis and boundary for the cell?

A

Cell membrane

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13
Q

What is homeostasis? Why does the body want to maintain it? Give an example of how the body maintains homeostasis. (Can’t use the one listed above)

A

Homeostasis is maintaining a stable environment. It is the optimal range for organisms to function. One example is sweating.

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14
Q

What does hyper mean?

A

above

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15
Q

what does hypo mean?

A

below

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16
Q

what does iso mean?

A

same

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17
Q

what is the difference between active and passive transport?

A

active: energy required, passive: no energy required

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18
Q

what is the difference between positive and negative feedback loops?

A

positive feedback loops enhance stimulus and cause less stability, negative feedback loops decrease stimulus and lead to more stability

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19
Q

organelle that’s responsible for photosynthesis?

A

chloroplast

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20
Q

organelle that’s responsible for cellular respiration?

A

mitochondria

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21
Q

equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O –> glucose and O2

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22
Q

equation for cellular respiration

A

glucose + O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O

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23
Q

when does fermentation occur?

A

in the absence of oxygen

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24
Q

what’s broken down during fermentation?

A

glucose

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25
Q

only useable source of energy (cellular level) of ALL living things:

A

ATP

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26
Q

how is energy released from the molecule

A

when a phosphate is broken off

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27
Q

describe the carbon cycle

A

carbon is in CO2, plants absorb it and use it, animals eat plants, release it back into the air, plants and animals return carbon when they die

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28
Q

phases of cell division

A

Interphase(G1, S, G2), Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

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29
Q

mitosis produces:

A

2 identical diploid cells

30
Q

meiosis produces:

A

4 genetically different haploid cells

31
Q

haploid:

A

half set, 23 chromosomes

32
Q

diploid:

A

full test, 46 chromosomes

33
Q

Mendel’s Law of Segregation:

A

alleles separate randomly

34
Q

Mendel’s Law of Dominance

A

allele that’s dominant masks the other

35
Q

homozygous

A

same (TT or tt)

36
Q

heterozygous

A

different (Tt)

37
Q

what is a sex-linked trait?

A

trait that is carried on a sex chromosome (X or Y)

38
Q

describe the makeup of a chromosome

A

DNA is tightly coiled around a histone protein which creates a nucleosome. Nucleosomes are linked together to create Chromatin, and Chromatin condenses to form a Chromosome.

39
Q

monomer of DNA:

A

nucleotides

40
Q

three parts of a nucleotide:

A

phosphate group, deoxyribose (sugar), and a nitrogenous (A, G, T, C)

41
Q

What is replication, where does it occur?

A

when DNA is duplicated during interphase, occurs in the nucleus

42
Q

what enzymes help with DNA replication

A

DNA helices, DNA polymerase, ligase

43
Q

where does transcription occur and what is produced?

A

occurs in nucleus and mRNA is made

44
Q

what are the three types of RNA?

A

messenger, transfer, and ribosomal

45
Q

when and where are each of them used?

A

messenger is used for transcription, ribosomal forms ribosomes, and transfer is used for translation

46
Q

amino acids are delivered by which type of RNA?

A

mRNA

47
Q

amino acids are the monomers of what type of organic molecule?

A

proteins

48
Q

why is the amino acid methionine so special?

A

it is a start codon which tells tRNA when to start bringing amino acids for protein synthesis

49
Q

what gives amino acids their unique properties?

A

their side chain/ R Group

50
Q

why are mutations in body cells NOT a source of the genetic variation

A

mutations in body cells would not be passed on to offspring

51
Q

explain how mutation is one of the driving forces behind evolution

A

mutations are changes at the DNA level. evolution is a change in a species over time, so when the mutations are passed on to offspring evolution begins to happen

52
Q

who is considered the father of our current theory of evolution?

A

Charles Darwin

53
Q

What are forms of evidence that are used to develop evolutionary relationships?

A

fossil records, similarities in DNA, homologous and vestigial structures, similarities in embryological development

54
Q

the peppered moth experiment

A

helps scientists see that animals adapt to their surroundings to survive by showing that the moth changes to avoid pollution and predation.

55
Q

What is geographic isolation and how does it play into evolution?

A

occurs when 2 groups of organisms are separated by a natural barrier, because they are separated, they adapt and change according to the environment

56
Q

How would Darwin have explained the difference in the tortoises on different islands of the Galapagos Islands?

A

The length of the neck makes a tortoise better or worse suited to survive and reproduce depending on the vegetation available.

57
Q

what is a biotic factor?

A

a living thing

58
Q

what is an abiotic factor?

A

a nonliving thing

59
Q

what is an example of a biotic factor?

A

plant, animal, insect, flower

60
Q

what is an example of an abiotic factor?

A

food, water, sunlight

61
Q

what is a density dependent factor?

A

are affected by population density (food, disease)

62
Q

what is a density independent factor?

A

are not affected by population density (weather)

63
Q

what is biological magnification?

A

the organisms higher in the food chain have a more concentrated level of toxins than the organisms on bottom

64
Q

list different trophic levels

A

primary producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers

65
Q

what is a niche?

A

the role of an organism in its ecosystem

66
Q

what is the 10% Law?

A

only 10% of energy is passed from 1 trophic level to the next

67
Q

what is an invasive species?

A

a nonnative species being introduced to an area

68
Q

what are “greenhouse gases”?

A

gas in the atmosphere that traps in heat

69
Q

how does deforestation contribute to “greenhouse gases”?

A

trees use CO2 in the atmosphere, the fewer trees the more CO2 which increases the amount of greenhouse gas.

70
Q

what is carrying capacity?

A

the maximum number of organisms an ecosystem can support

Biology Final (2 decks)

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