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Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is a roof system’s purpose?

A

(purpose of bldg. envelope)
-To provide a barrier between the interior and exterior environments so the interior can be controlled and maintained within reasonable limits.

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2
Q

What do the components in a roof system control, and what are the components?

A

1) water penetration - controlled by the roofing
2) air flow - controlled by the air barrier
3) water vapour flow - controlled by the vapour retarder
4) heat flow - controlled by the insulation

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3
Q

What is the key component in a roofing system, and why?

A
  • The air barrier is the key component.
  • Air movement is the largest source of heat loss/gain in the building envelope, and the air carries warm moisture from in the building to the exterior.
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4
Q

What are the 3 types of roof systems?

A

1) sloped roof
2) conventional (compact) roof
3) protected membrane roof (PMR) (inverted)

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5
Q

Describe a sloped roof. Include:

  • slope
  • spacing info
  • roofing info
A
  • gentle to steep slope, pitched to drain out to eaves
  • may have a large ventilated space between the roofing and the insulation/air/vapour retarder
  • roofing is not water tight, must be sloped to shed water
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6
Q

Describe a conventional (compact) roof. Include:

  • slope
  • components
A
  • sloped min. 2% (1:50) to drain
  • roofing
  • insulation
  • air/vapour barrier
  • supporting structure
  • sometimes ballast is required for:
    • u/v protection
    • weight
    • holds materials in place (when loose-laid)
    • affects water flow
    • protection from foot traffic
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7
Q

Describe a protected membrane roof (PMR) (inverted). Include:

  • slope
  • comparison
  • new components
A
  • slope min 2% (1:50)
  • similar to conventional except roofing is installed below insulation
  • water permeable fabric over insulation to help protect insulation from u/v (if needed) and distribute weight of the ballast over joints in insulation to prevent dislodging
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8
Q

What are the 3 types of roofing?

A

1) built up roofing (BUR)
2) single ply roofing
3) modified bitumen

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9
Q

Describe built up roofing. Include:

  • components and their purpose
  • installation facts
A
  • bitumen is waterproofing and adhesion
  • 4 plies of felts give strength and stability
  • surfacing (pea gravel) protects from u/v, foot traffic, and erosion due to wind/rain
  • the surfacing is glued down to felts with a flood coat of bitumen
  • usually requires a fibreboard overlay above the primary insulation (to protect insulation from hot bitumen)
  • it’s proven, economical, fast and easy to install
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10
Q

Describe single ply roofing. Include:

  • roll sizes
  • membrane thicknesses
  • laid type
  • membrane type
A
  • in rolls up to 10’ to 45’, 200’ long
  • thicknesses range from 45 mil to 90 mil
  • may be loose laid + ballasted (45mil), or fully adhered, or mechanically fastened (60-90mil)
  • always fully adhered or mechanically fastened at roof perimeter
  • thermoplastic (PVC, EP, TPO) - softens when heated, return when cooled - laps/seams are hot air welded - don’t need to be covered - very strong against tear or puncture
  • thermoset (elastomeric) -EPDM - solidified when heated (irreversible) - is cured (vulcanized) -can only be bonded with adhesive - seams are lapped and glued
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11
Q

Describe modified bitumen roofing. Include:

  • thermoplastic vs. thermoset
  • components and application
  • installation facts
A
  • chemically modified to be thermoplastic + elastomeric
  • base sheet and cap sheet (2 plys)
  • rolls are 1m wide, 8-15m long
  • base and cap sheets may be torched or mopped in place
  • cap sheet is laid parallel to base sheet but offset 300 to 400mm from base sheet
  • cap sheet may have a coloured pebble surface
  • relatively lightweight (good for reroofing)
  • proven
  • most slopes and shapes
  • usually requires fiberboard overlay to protect insulation
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12
Q

What are the 3 ways to install single ply roof systems?

A

1) loose laid and ballasted
2) mechanically fastened
3) fully adhered

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13
Q

Explain a loose laid and ballasted single ply roof system. Include:

  • slope
  • height
  • components
  • installation facts
  • membrane type
  • membrane thickness
A
  • max slope 2:12
  • max height 75’ (23m)
  • ballast is used to hold down all components
  • ballast is smooth, river washed 35mm diameter (min.) 10lbs/sf (min.)
  • relatively inexpensive, fast and easy to install (wide rolls - 50’)
  • odourless, durable, proven
  • membrane type: *EPDM, TPO, EP, PVC
  • membrane thickness 45mil (1.1mm)
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14
Q

Explain a mechanically fastened single ply roof system. Include:

  • slope
  • height
  • components
  • installation facts
  • membrane type
  • membrane thickness
A
  • max slope 4:12
  • max height 120’ (36m)
  • use min. 60 mil (1.5mm) membrane, rolls 2.4m to 3.0m (8’-10’) wide
  • poly iso is most common
  • lightweight
  • any shape
  • aesthetically pleasing/advertising/logos
  • light colour may mean more energy efficient (solar gain)
  • easy to fix
  • membrane types: EPDM, **TPO, *EP, *PVC
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15
Q

Explain a fully adhered single ply roof system. Include:

  • slope
  • height
  • roll size
  • installation facts
  • membrane type
  • membrane thickness
A
  • max slope - unlimited
  • max height -250’/76m
  • use 60mil (1.5mm) membrane thickness
  • roll width usually 3~6m wide (10’-20’)
  • great on concrete deck
  • best for uplift
  • any slope/shape
  • all benefits of mechanically fastened
  • membrane type: EPDM, *TPO, *EP, *PVC
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16
Q

How can most membranes be installed? (notes for all roofs)

A

Conventionally, or inverted.

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17
Q

Regardless of roofing type membrane is attached how? (notes for all roofs)

A

It is mechanically fastened or fully adhered @ perimeter (uplift).

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18
Q

Can a roof be flat? (notes for all roofs)

A

No. Must have min. 2% slope to drain.

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19
Q

Reminder. (notes for all roofs)

A

Always include an a/v barrier + consider support for it (when on steel deck).

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20
Q

Why must we consider insulation types based on roofing?

A

Some insulation types may require a cover board (overlay).

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21
Q

What accounts for most roof related problems?

A

Failures at roof penetrations.

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22
Q

What are some examples of roof related problems?

A
  • absorption of water (insulation/coverboard)
  • deformation by/due to freezing
  • fungus attack, decay of wood or steel deck
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23
Q

Tie-in Reminder

A

The tie-in of the roof system is critical.

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24
Q

What is the most important component of the roof system to tie-in?

A

The air barrier *NRC test on high+low bldgs show 30-50% of heat loss can be contributed to air leakage.

25
Q

Name types of roof penetrations.

A
  • parapets
  • roof drains
  • plumbing stacks
  • access hatch
  • curbs for mech.
  • skylights
  • cleaning equipment curbs, ties
  • roof/wall intersections
  • garbage chute
  • firewalls
26
Q

How far does roofing extend at parapets/curbs vs. at walls?

A

300mm for parapets/curbs

450mm for walls

27
Q

Notes for detailing parapets

A
  • roofing is fully adhered at parapet
  • roofing may or may not require a cant strip (depends on roofing flexibility)
  • extend a/v barrier up and over and cover with insulation to prevent condensation
  • metal cap flashing to cover top of parapet, sloping 1:10 min. back onto roof (prevents staining of wall)
  • always slope roofing/insulation away from walls
  • all masonry above the roof must be filled solid
  • all wood above roof must be pressure treated
28
Q

What are the 3 major influences on site development?

A
  • zoning
  • municipal services/engineering
  • traffic/access
29
Q

Municipal services/engineering

A
  • ensure site servicing components are functioning, attractive + appropriately screened from public view
  • availability, size + location of water, sanitary, storm, gas, etc.
    • if no san. sewer, must include for septic system ($, space)
  • location of utility poles - whether they have transformers or not
  • easements (legal survey)
  • loading areas - including garbage facilities (appropriately screened) and with proper access + turn around facilities
  • place utilities underground where possible
  • soil characteristics (bearing, storm water management, watertable)
30
Q

Traffic and access (from site to roadway)

A

How does this impact design

31
Q

What are the city/regions design goals? (Traffic and access)

A
  1. Protect public through orderly control of traffic movement onto and from roadway
  2. Maintain traffic carrying capacity of roadway
  3. ensure uniformity of construction + design
32
Q

What is regulated? (Traffic and access)

A
  1. # of access routes allowed
  2. location of access
  3. width of access
  4. radius of access
  5. angular placement
33
Q

How is access regulated?

A
  • By type of access
    1. non-commercial (residential use, house, farm/field use, up to 6 units)
    2. commercial (residential 6+ units other than field or farm)
    3. high volume (shopping centre, arena)
  • speed of the roadway
    • low speed <70km/h
    • high speed ≥ 70 km/h
  • proximity to intersections, rail lines, + other accesses
34
Q

What does zoning begin with?

A

The “official plan” which is a document prepared under auspice (direction/guidance) of the ontario planning act, which sets out the guidelines for the development of the community

35
Q

What does planning do?

A

Planning divides the city into zones which restrict the development of lands + term of what can be developed and how it can be developed

36
Q

What does our zoning map show?

A

Our zoning map shows the zones + zone densities such as industrial, residential, commercial, green, agricultural, etc. The # beside the zone are density (ex. R1, R2, R3, I1, I2)

37
Q

Where does the structure of the zoning bylaw start?

A

Bylaw begins with general items like definitions, parking, loading, obstructions, special cases + other general provisions.

38
Q

What is the 2nd section of the zoning bylaw?

A

Zone specific regulations.

  • permitted uses
    • ancillary uses, complimentary uses
  • prohibited uses
    • prohibited near residential
  • performance standards
    • min. lot frontage
    • yard requirements (setbacks)
    • bldg height
    • lot area (min)
    • landscape area (min %)
    • off street parking
      • min. # of spaces required (based on area, # of suites, # of beds, # of employees)
    • off street loading
      • shipping/receiving/garbage
    • residential - may dictate # of each bed type
39
Q

Where do you submit a site plan review and approval and who views it?

A
  • submit to the planning department

- viewed by bldg department and engineering

40
Q

What does the site plan review and approval process do?

A

Gives each municipality the power to deem any part of a city/region as a site plan control area. This control was given over by the province.

41
Q

What is the site plan review and approval for?

A
  • It gives the municipality the authority to review + influence design, in addition to meeting requirements of the zoning by-law and the OBC.
  • It’s a form of development control.
  • Another level of approval required before a building permit is issued.
42
Q

What is the purpose of the site plan review?

A

To allow the city/region and other jurisdictional agencies the opportunity to review:

  • overall site design
  • impact of the proposal on surrounding land use
  • siting of structures + bldgs (massing and conceptual design)
  • the widening of public roads which abut the site
  • easements, access, parking, + loading
  • -grading and site drainage
  • provision for water management
  • -landscaping and buffering, amenity areas
  • curbs, signs, walkways, lighting, fencing, storage of waste
  • exterior design, sustainable design, + universal design
43
Q

When is a site plan review required?

A
  • -new bldgs, bldg additions, substantial change
  • also required for commercial parking lots
  • not required for single family homes, semis, or farm bldgs
44
Q

How does the submission process work?

A
  • often begins with a pre-consultation meeting to determine requirements
  • preferable to submit near complete contract documents
  • the key is a coordinated application
45
Q

What does/may a submission include?

A

-site plan
-grading plan
-site servicing plan
-landscape plan
Sometime need to submit (upon request):
-elevations
-perspectives
-building sections
-lighting plans

46
Q

How does the process work?

A
  • We submit multiple copies (approx 11 min.) of dwgs along with site plan, application form, and applicable fees
  • site plan review coordinator circulates application to all applicable agencies asking for comments
  • comments are received, then committee meets to review and discuss
  • this committee is a “technical advisory committee appointed by council to review a provide recommendations on site plan applications”
  • applicant may be invited to a review meeting to support the proposal
47
Q

What is the committee made up of?

A
  • planning
  • building
  • engineering
  • landscaping
  • community member
48
Q

How long does the process take?

A

5 weeks and no bldg permit can be issued without approval

49
Q

What do the applicant results look like?

A

They will be one of the following:

  • approved
  • approved subjected to certain conditions (deferred)
  • refused
50
Q

What is the next step after the applicant results are received?

A
  • owner enters into a site plan agreement to ensure the enforcement
  • various fees + a deposit for the site work (50% of the site costs, min. $1000 to max. $50,000)
51
Q

Where to use dampproofing?

A

“Where the exterior finished grade is at a higher level then the inside ground level, walls shall be dampproofed unless they are waterproofed”

52
Q

Where to use waterproofing?

A

1) where hydrostatic pressure is present, walls + floors of interior surfaces lower than grade must be waterproofed
2) roofs of underground structures need to be waterproofed
3) elevator pits usually waterproofed

53
Q

Dampproofing Notes

A
  • if CMU, parge walls with 10mm parging
  • fill holes from ties if concrete walls
  • apply asphalt emulsion (spray or rolled)
54
Q

Waterproofing Notes

A
  • if CMU, parge walls with 10mm parging
  • fill holes from ties if concrete walls
  • hot fluid applied rubberized asphalt, sheet rubberized asphalt
  • sprayed or trowelled
  • floors to be waterproofed require a 75mm mud slab (concrete)-waterproofing between 2 layers of concrete
55
Q

Foundation wall drainage system

A

1) drainage tile

2) drainage layer (an integral part of our drainage system)

56
Q

Drainage tile note.

A

Required to have a 100mm (4”) weeping tile along bottom with top and sides covered with 150mm min.

57
Q

Drainage layer note.

A

1) 19mm Mineral wool insulation
2) 100mm (min) Free draining granular material
3) Pre-fab drainage system.

58
Q

What are some types of pre-fab drainage systems?

A
  • -Dimple board (delta ms, system platon)
  • -Perimate insulation (dow)
    • Grooved
  • -Owens Corning (pink) XPS grooves/dimples
  • 3 dimensional core with a geotextile bonded to face, keeping soil particles from blocking drainage area.
    • WR meadows (mel drains)
    • Grace (Hydro Duct)
    • MIRAFI (miradrain)

*- Vertical applications only

59
Q

Where do you typically find plaza decks?

A
  • above parking garages
  • roof terraces and gardens
  • balcony above habitable space

Construction drawings (2 decks)

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