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Epi/Bio > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

measures the disease burden in a population

A

prevalence

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2
Q

number of new cases in a population over a given period of time

A

incidence

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3
Q

most precise measure of incidence

A

Incidence density

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4
Q

rate of appearance

A

incidence

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5
Q

total of # diseases/#total population

A

Prevalence

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6
Q

new cases/ total population of # at risk

A

incidence

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7
Q

new cases in a specified time period/ # units of person-time

A

incidence density

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8
Q

what happens with people HIV are living longer but new cases is decreasing

A

prevalence is increasing but incidence is decreasing

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9
Q

descriptive of a rare disease–> no stats

A

Case study

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10
Q

establish the exposure and outcome at the same time period leading to an unclear temporal relationship

A

Cross-sectional

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11
Q

exposure and unexposed at baseline not outcome

A

prospective cohort study

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12
Q

outcome determined as well as exposure but it looks back in time from exposure to outcome

A

retrospective cohort study

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13
Q

Outcome determined, exposure is assessed

A

case control study

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14
Q

matching

A

case control study

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15
Q

good for rare exposures

A

cohort

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16
Q

good for rare outcomes

A

case control

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17
Q

multiple outcome can be assessed

A

cohort

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18
Q

multiple exposures can be assessed

A

case-control

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19
Q

bad for rare outcomes

A

cohort

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20
Q

bad for rare exposures

A

case-control

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21
Q

RR or AR cannot be used, Only Odds ratio

A

case control

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22
Q

allocation to a treatment group based on chance

A

RCT

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23
Q

statistical analysis comparing groups as randomized regardles of the actual treatment given

A

Intention to treat analysis

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24
Q

avoids ‘undoing’ randomization

A

intention to treat analysis

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25
Q

reduces bias by both investigators and volunteers

A

placebo

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26
Q

RR: 1>

A

significant causative

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27
Q

RR: 1

A

significant protective

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28
Q

RR: 0

A

nothing to say

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29
Q

RR of GI bleeding aspiring vs placebo 1.2–>

A

Women on aspirin are 20% more likely to have a GI bleeding over toys compared to women not on aspirin

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30
Q

RR of GI bleeding aspirin vs placebo 0.83

A

women on aspiring are 17% (1-0.83) less likely to have a stroke over 10yrs compared to women not on aspirin

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31
Q

risk difference, excess risk and absolute risk reduction

A

attributable risk

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32
Q

estimate what risk would be if I prevent exposure

A

prevention

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33
Q

1/absolute risk reduction

A

number needed to treat

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34
Q

to prevent one stroke, MDs need to treat # women with low dose aspiring

A

number needed to treat

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35
Q

incidence in smokers - incidence in non-smokers

A

attributable risk

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36
Q

incidence of stroke in aspirin- incidence of stroke in placebo

A

absolute risk reduction

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37
Q

ad/bc

A

odds ratio

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38
Q

freedom from bias

A

internal validity

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39
Q

generalizable

A

external validity

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40
Q

[3] criteria for confounding

A
  1. unbalanced in exposure
  2. risk for outcome
  3. not a mediator
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41
Q

co co cr ad

A

compare confounding crude vs adjusted

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42
Q

EM Co Sub

A

effect modification compare across subgroups

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43
Q

does C trumps EM?

A

No! EM trumps C

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44
Q

volunteers know the study hypothesis and thus does that have the exposure and the outcome will apply but not the people who have the exposure but not the outcome

A

selection bias

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45
Q

toward the null

A

random miss-classification

46
Q

towards or away from the null

A

non-random miss-classification

47
Q

to avoid this bias we need to use well- defined and precise measurement

A

random missclassification

48
Q

bias where both exposed and unexposed/ disease or non-diseased groups that have the same issue

A

random miss-classification

49
Q

to avoid bias use blinding of the investigators and volunteers

A

non-random miss-classification

50
Q

bias where only one group either the unexposed or exposed group show bias

A

non-random

51
Q

how to avoid bias in case control

A

chose cases and controls independently of exposure

52
Q

how to avoid bias in a retrospective cohort study

A

chose exposed and un-exposed independently of outcome

53
Q

9 bradford hill

A
  1. strong
  2. consistency
  3. specific
  4. precede
  5. gradient
  6. plausible
  7. coherent
  8. experimental
  9. analogy
54
Q

data:

dead/alive or HIV positive/ negative

A

nominal

55
Q

breast cancer staging

A

ordinal

56
Q

number of joints with arthritis

A

discrete

57
Q

weight, age, cholesterol

A

continous

58
Q

data that uses bar chart

A

ordinal

59
Q

data is used for histrogram

A

continous

60
Q

most common value in dataset

A

mode

61
Q

always has units

A

standard deviation

62
Q

68 % of observations are within

A

1 SD

63
Q

95% of observation are within

A

2 SD

64
Q

99% of observation are within

A

3 SD

65
Q

34% are above and below the mean

A

1SD

66
Q

number of standards deviations that the value is above or below the mean

A

Z score

67
Q

value-mean/ SD

A

z score

68
Q

how far that value is from the mean

A

Z score

69
Q

horseshoe game

A

the value is fixed (the pole) and the Confidence interval is the horseshoe . there is a chance that the CI will have the value

70
Q

sample mean (point estimate) +/- 2 x (SE)

A

confidence interval

71
Q

SD/ square root of samples size

A

standard error (SE)

72
Q

is the standard deviation of many samples means

A

SE

73
Q

deviation of a single sample

A

standard deviation

74
Q

things that make the confidence interval wider [2]

A

less precise and wider net

75
Q

increasing the level of confidence from 95 to 99

A

confidence interval wide

76
Q

smaller sample size

A

confidence interval wide

77
Q

larger standard error…. more variability among observations

A

confidence interval wide

78
Q

probability that the TX is effective when it is not

A

null hypothesis

79
Q

type I error

A

alpha

80
Q

P-value< alpha

A

reject null

81
Q

P-value > alpha

A

do not reject null

82
Q

where does the P-value come from?

A

from the the tail end of the area under the curve

83
Q

interpretation of the p value

A

Given the null hypothesis is true, the probability of obtaining a result at least as extreme as the one observed

84
Q

p value is only interpretable under the assumption that the

A

null hypothesis is true

85
Q

interpretation of the p value:

RR of GI bleeding aspirin vs placebo= 1.2 (p< 0.001)

A

Given there is no difference in risk of GI bleeding between women taking or not taking low dose aspiring, the probability of obtaining a result at least as extreme as 20 % higher risk in women on aspirin is less than 1 / 1,000

86
Q

P value does not tell us if [3]

A
  1. HO or HA is true
  2. clinical significance
  3. any bias
87
Q

does not cross zero

A

CI

88
Q

does not cross one

A

RR, OR

89
Q

appropriate when exposure is binary and outcome is continuous

A

two-sample t test

90
Q

used to compare two means

A

two-sample t test

91
Q

appropriate when both exposure and outcome are nominal

A

chi-square

92
Q

used to compare two or more proportions (percentages)

A

chi-square

93
Q

used to assess significance of rr and OR

A

cho-square

94
Q

we can never say that we committed an error only that out conclusion might have an error

A

yes

95
Q

if you conclude that tx is effective when it is not

A

type I error

96
Q

conclude if TX. is not effective when it is

A

type II error

97
Q

Beta power

A

type II error

98
Q

statistical power increased [2]

A
  1. sample size

2. difference between groups

99
Q

Pearson when there is a curve

A

no correlation

100
Q

coefficient of determination

A

R squared

101
Q

best fit line

A

data above and below contain same amount of data

102
Q

percentage of diseased subjects with a positive test

A

sinsitivity

103
Q

percentage of disease free subjects with a negative test

A

specificity

104
Q

percentage of subjects with a positive test who have the disease

A

pvp

105
Q

percentage of subject with a negative test who are disease free

A

pvn

106
Q

TP / TP + FN

A

sensitivity

107
Q

TN / TN + FP

A

specificity

108
Q

TP / TP + FP

A

PVP

109
Q

TN / TN + FN

A

PVN

110
Q

as prevalence increases

A

PVP increases and PVN decreases

111
Q

remain unaffected by prevalence

A

sensitivity and specificity

112
Q

Avid Clown’s Pursuing Epidemiology Commonly Behind The Silly Samples

A 
A- analogy
C- consistency
P- precedent
E- experimental
C- coherence
B- biochemical gradient
T- temporal
S- strength
S- specificity

Epi/Bio (1 decks)

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