final Flashcards
Olfactory is cranial nerve?
1
cranial nerve 8 is
vestibulocochlear
the cranial nerve responsible for the horses tongue hanging out is
hypoglossal CN 12
If the horse is acting weird and abnormal where is the lesion
cerebral
If the horse has brainstem lesions it causes
cranial nerve deficits
Anything caudal to foramen magnum causes this
spinal ataxia
How do we grades gates
0 being no gait deficit and 5 being they are laying out flat cant walk
Do we do gait assessment at a walk or trot
walk bc they go away at a trot
if they alter the gait to be less painful its a _____ issue
is is repeatable or non with this type
musculature, repeatable
What is it when the horse has no idea where their limbs are in space in terms of gain, state the type and if its repeatable
neuro!!! its so random so not repreatable
What are the INGS of gate (4)
is this the same thing we use to assess ataxia
toe draggING
knuckLING
buckLING
stumbLING
NOPE not the same
A STIFF GATE IS termed AS
spastic
reduced flexion is called _____ they walk like this?
hyporeflexia
(lack of flexion = extension)
walk like a tin soldier (legs extended, straight)
exaggerated reflexion is called _____, they walk like this?
hyperreflexia; high stepping (think drassage horse)
If the animal doesnt know where the limb is in space these are ____ signs and termed _____. what does their gate look like
neuro signs
ataxia
gate is random and change with every step
When you have ataxia we often have ______ deficits, what are some examples of that seen mostly in the hind limb
proprioceptive
circling= circumduction mostly in hind limbs
exaggerated outward swaying of limb as it travels in the air
circling, where the limb exaggerates outward is seen mostly in what limb
hind limbs
Cerebral diseases cause ______ changes, head pressing, and ______
behavioral
seizures
Cerebral disease is often due to this
trauma
moldy corn can cause disease to this part of the brain
nutritional cause/ cerebral disease
What 2 metabolic issues can cause cerebral disease
hepatoencephalopathy
low or high sodium
When evaluating the CSF for cerebral diseae where do you want to take your sample
AA or lumbosacral joint space
make sure you take the sample caudal to the actual lesion
For cytology what do you expect for cerebral disease?
Color?
TP?
WBC?
RBC?
color clear
TP <100 mg/dl
WBC: <5-6 d
RBC: NONE
with cerebral disease, when assessing glucose if its less than the serum glucose what do we suspect (2)
bacterial meningitis or abscess
bacterial meningitis or abscess
what do we see with glucose
glucose less than the serum guclose
With cerebral dz if the albumin is low or high what does this asscess the integrity of?
BBB
IgG index looks at this
inthrathecal AB production
Any acute neuro dz less than 10 days should be considered as a potential ____ case until proven otherwise
rabies
1 presentation of rabies is the _____ form
paralytic
What are the 2 other forms of rabies besides paralytic
furious
dumb form
The furious forms demonstrates _____ signs
The dumb form demonstrates ______ signs
furious-cerebral signs
dumb-brainstem signs
Which form of rabies looks like West nile
furious
The paralytic form is the most common form of rabies and the virus is in the ____ and causes these signs
in the CSF
ataxia, shifting leg lameness, progressing paralysis
if you are worried about rabies you should do this unfortunaely
euthanize
Equine viral encephalitis is called _____ dieasea
Arboviral
Which encephalitis causes the highest mortality and what % is that
EEE
think(Emergency, Emergency, Emergency)
mortality up to 90%
Is the horse an amplifier or a sentinel for WEE, EEE, and VEE
if amplifier why?
sentinel for WEE and EEE
aplifier for VEE due to high circulating ab
How do we dx EV encephalitis
ELisa or AB titers
Who gets vaccinate for EV encephalitis and how often/why
standard for EEE and WEE
VEE only in endemic areas
give every 6 months bc thats how long their ab titers are good for
What virus is caused by skeeters
west nile
who are the hosts and who are the vectors for west nile
who infects the horses
birds-reservoir host
mosquitoes vectors that bite the horses and infect them
What virus can enter the CNS and cause encephalomyelitis and cause a grave prognosis if progreses to that
West nile
What is the most common CS with west nile
what else will you see
ataxia 86%
also will see muscle tremors, weakness, fever
Whats significant with epi with west nile and how to dx
its reportable
antigen capture ELISA for IgM
Neuro trauma can cause these types of fractures often see in this age group of horses doing this activity and why does it happen in that age group,
what bone is most common?
this is an _____ fracture from _____aka “_____”
Basilar fracture; young horses (training to lead) younging dont have skull symphysis fused
Basiphenoid bone
avulsion fracture from overextension “Whip lash”
Can i rule our fracture for basilar shitt if I dont see it on rads
nope, hard to see on youngings
What is the Number one thing you want to prevent with basilar fracture treatment and what drug is good ad reducing inflmmation
prevent edema
DMSO
Can i give mannitol if active hemorrage in brain to stop it
fuck no
describe prognosis with basilar fractures is the recumbency persists…what does it indicate in terms in involvement if they wont get up
grave :-( means they are comatose with brainstem involvment
Basilar fractures can cause ____ signs and ___ leaking from the ear, along with ____ from nose
CNS signs
blood from ear
epistaxis from nose
What are the most common cranial nerves that cause brainstem lesions
5 trigeminal
7 facial
8 VC
Prolonged anesthesia with halter left on face can sue these lesions
brainstem lesions
Severe brainstem lesions can cause _______ _____
respiratory depression
If multipe cranial nerves are affected we can conclude its a ____ lesion
brainstem
Otitis media and interna and traumatic ____ fractures cause _____ disease
Vestibular
tramatic skull fractures
True or false:
Vestibular disease can be caused by protozoal and verminous migration
True
Vestibular disease detects the motion of the _____ in spce
head
Vestibular apparatus is suppose to normally inhibit _____ and activate ____ on the _____ side (same or opp)
Vestibular apparatus is suppose to normally inhibit __(flexors)___ and activate __(extensors)__ on the _(SAME)____ side (same or opp)
So we stated the normal for Vestibular disease what if theres a lesion:
Horses will tilt their head ____ the ____ on the ____ side (toward or away from the lesion?) with increased ____ ____ on the _____ side
??????
tilt their (head) toward the (ground) on the (affected) side (toward the lesion) with increased (gravity tone) on the (**contralateral) side
Compare and contrast peripheral and central vestibular dz?
Peripheral= fast phase away from the lesion and does not change with head position
animal falls toward side of lesion??
When you have vestibular disease with otitis media/interna we often see DJD termed ______ in this region because of this………., that (..answer prev cant give it away….) causes _____ _____ and weakened bone
Temporohyoid osteoarthropathy from chronic inflamm causing joint fusion and weakend bone
What cranial nerves are involved with vestibular dz with temporal fractures
7 and 8
When you have vestibular disease with otitis media/interna signs are often _____(acute or chronic) and ______(state if uni or bilateral??)
acute unilateral
True or False
bilateral dz doesnt occur When you have vestibular disease with otitis media/interna
false
bilateral can occur with temporohyoid osteoarthropathy with time
When you vestibular disease with otitis media/interna what are some risk factors:
_____ hard ____
Loud _______
______(term done when tired)
eating hard feeds
loud vocaliz
yawning
True or False
When you vestibular disease with otitis media/interna you actually dont get obvious otitis signs
True!!!
When you vestibular disease with otitis media/interna in terms of CS you will see ____(acute or chronic) development of _____ sigs
acute neuro signs
When you vestibular disease with otitis media/interna what is the GOLD STANDARD for how to diagnose it to reveal this
RADS to see DJD of stylohyoid bone
True or False
Peripheral vestibular diease is worse to have then central
false
worse if central
Paradoxical vestibular disease does the opposite of normal vestibular disease with the head tilt….
how is it different
head tilt and nystagmus go toward the opposite side of lesion
Paradoxical vestibular disease causes ____ and ____ both on the ______ side of the lesion, yet their head tilt does what?
hemiparesis and postural deficits on the same side of the lesion while the head tilt and nystagmus go toward the opposite side of the lesion
What do arabians typically get this brain disease is this region causing these CS
Cerebellar Abiotrophy
head tremors
hypermetria(somethings moving that should be mm twitch)
exagerrated spinal reflexes
When assessing spinal ataxia what are the normals for intravertiebral sagital ration
state the equation
A=____ of ____
B= ____ of ____ ___
Normal for C3-6= ____% and C7=____%
a ratior less than those percntages means ______
A=width of canal
B= Width of vertebral body
Normals for C3-6=52%
C7=56%
A/B x 100=%
a ratio less = wobblers >12
When asesing intravertiebral sagital we need to look for this vertebrae _____ because it has a wide flat lateral process that creates a straight lne across the vertebral body
C6
Dietary vitamin E in geneticaly predisposed horses causes this and state the age bracket and if its LMN or UMN dz.
Equine degenerative myelopathy
younger horses les than 1 year
Upper motor neuron mostly (w/Lmn components)
Equine degenerative myelopathy is often due to ____(_) ______ abd you will see _____ of the _____ _____ _____ and its considered a LMN or UMN feature?
Vitamin(E) deficiency
see areflexia of the cutaneous trunchi muscle considered a LMN component
Equine degenerative myelopathy can be treated with ____ _____
Alpha Tocoperol
EnoTHELIOtrophic Virus is often asc. with this well know equine virus causing a CNS _____ and ____ leading to diffuse _____
EHV-1
CNS vasculitis an thromboses leading to a diffuse ischemia
True or False
EnoTHELIOtrophic Virus asc causing EHV-2 is not highly contagious displays chronic signs and mostly effects the forelimb with descending weakness and asymmetrical ataxia with dribbling urine
FALSE
first off its EHV-1
its acute not chronic
and it is highly contagious
and its suppose to be ASCENDING hind limb weakness and SYMMETRICAL ataxia
dribbling urine is true!!!
What a unique CS with EnoTHELIOtrophic Virus (EHV-1)
tongue hanging out
What is dx for EnoTHELIOtrophic Virus on CSF
increased protein and normal WBC = vasculitis
what do we treat EnoTHELIOtrophic Virus with
anti inflamm and antivirals
Cervical Stenotic Myelopathy is known as _____ and state the age group mainly seen with this and if its UMN or LMN
Wobblers
younger horses (dynamic lesion)
UMN
True or false
Wobblers is a manifestation of a degenerative orthopedic dz
true
What are the 2 types of wobblers and a simple what they are due to and who is most common
Type 1= developmental form related to degenerative orthopedic dz (DOD)
type 1 is most common
Type 2: trauma induces
Type 1 wobblers is seen in ____ horse breeds and narrowing throughout their vertebral canal = what mean saggital ratio
<52%
What do owners say about their horses with wobblers
hes not growing into his legs!
True or false
adults dont get wobblers once they grown into being an older adult
false
younger horses get the dynamic form
older adult=static lesion
True or False
wobbler foals are stable
false
loose and clumpsy
True or False
EHV-1 and Wobblers horses both show symmetrical ataxia more in the hindlimb
True
Younger horses can only show their wobblers sings on rads in the ____ view with these segments?
what segments do we see in adults
flexed C3-C4 C4-C5 (younger C3-5)
adultsC5-C6 adults and C6-7 (C5-7)
hat are the treatments for wobblers for adults versus young
adult -ventral stabiliation Bagby basket max of 2 grade improvement at best
youngins-pace feeding program (to decrease protein and vit E)
Possums cause this disease which is caused by ____ ____
Equine protozoal myelitis (EPM) sarcocystitis neurona
What are the 3 As of equine protzoal myelitis and what age bracket get this and where are the lesions found
Asymmetry
Ataxia
Atrophy
youngins
cranial to foramen magnum
With equine protozoal myelitis do we get an increase in IgG or IgM
IgG
For equine protozoal myelitis what is the gold standard for dx and what is the treatment and how is it implements
CNS histopath
Ponazuril is treatment and cone carefully to prevent mass kill of protzoa causing inflammation
big mainstay for treating is you have to treat for at least 30 days and then reassess dont stop too earlyor will reoccur
equine protozoal myelitis causes an increase in ____ while West nile causes an increase in ____
state whether or not IgG or IgM
equine protozoal myelitis causes an increase in IGG while West nile causes an increase in IGM*****
