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6th MELEAH LAM FINAL 3am cramming > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

Olfactory is cranial nerve?

A

1

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2
Q

cranial nerve 8 is

A

vestibulocochlear

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3
Q

the cranial nerve responsible for the horses tongue hanging out is

A

hypoglossal CN 12

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4
Q

If the horse is acting weird and abnormal where is the lesion

A

cerebral

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5
Q

If the horse has brainstem lesions it causes

A

cranial nerve deficits

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6
Q

Anything caudal to foramen magnum causes this

A

spinal ataxia

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7
Q

How do we grades gates

A

0 being no gait deficit and 5 being they are laying out flat cant walk

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8
Q

Do we do gait assessment at a walk or trot

A

walk bc they go away at a trot

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9
Q

if they alter the gait to be less painful its a _____ issue

is is repeatable or non with this type

A

musculature, repeatable

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10
Q

What is it when the horse has no idea where their limbs are in space in terms of gain, state the type and if its repeatable

A

neuro!!! its so random so not repreatable

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11
Q

What are the INGS of gate (4)

is this the same thing we use to assess ataxia

A

toe draggING
knuckLING
buckLING
stumbLING

NOPE not the same

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12
Q

A STIFF GATE IS termed AS

A

spastic

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13
Q

reduced flexion is called _____ they walk like this?

A

hyporeflexia

(lack of flexion = extension)

walk like a tin soldier (legs extended, straight)

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14
Q

exaggerated reflexion is called _____, they walk like this?

A

hyperreflexia; high stepping (think drassage horse)

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15
Q

If the animal doesnt know where the limb is in space these are ____ signs and termed _____. what does their gate look like

A

neuro signs

ataxia

gate is random and change with every step

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16
Q

When you have ataxia we often have ______ deficits, what are some examples of that seen mostly in the hind limb

A

proprioceptive

circling= circumduction mostly in hind limbs

exaggerated outward swaying of limb as it travels in the air

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17
Q

circling, where the limb exaggerates outward is seen mostly in what limb

A

hind limbs

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18
Q

Cerebral diseases cause ______ changes, head pressing, and ______

A

behavioral

seizures

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19
Q

Cerebral disease is often due to this

A

trauma

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20
Q

moldy corn can cause disease to this part of the brain

A

nutritional cause/ cerebral disease

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21
Q

What 2 metabolic issues can cause cerebral disease

A

hepatoencephalopathy

low or high sodium

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22
Q

When evaluating the CSF for cerebral diseae where do you want to take your sample

A

AA or lumbosacral joint space

make sure you take the sample caudal to the actual lesion

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23
Q

For cytology what do you expect for cerebral disease?

Color?
TP?
WBC?
RBC?

A

color clear
TP <100 mg/dl
WBC: <5-6 d
RBC: NONE

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24
Q

with cerebral disease, when assessing glucose if its less than the serum glucose what do we suspect (2)

A

bacterial meningitis or abscess

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25
Q

bacterial meningitis or abscess

what do we see with glucose

A

glucose less than the serum guclose

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26
Q

With cerebral dz if the albumin is low or high what does this asscess the integrity of?

A

BBB

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27
Q

IgG index looks at this

A

inthrathecal AB production

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28
Q

Any acute neuro dz less than 10 days should be considered as a potential ____ case until proven otherwise

A

rabies

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29
Q

1 presentation of rabies is the _____ form

A

paralytic

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30
Q

What are the 2 other forms of rabies besides paralytic

A

furious

dumb form

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31
Q

The furious forms demonstrates _____ signs

The dumb form demonstrates ______ signs

A

furious-cerebral signs

dumb-brainstem signs

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32
Q

Which form of rabies looks like West nile

A

furious

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33
Q

The paralytic form is the most common form of rabies and the virus is in the ____ and causes these signs

A

in the CSF

ataxia, shifting leg lameness, progressing paralysis

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34
Q

if you are worried about rabies you should do this unfortunaely

A

euthanize

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35
Q

Equine viral encephalitis is called _____ dieasea

A

Arboviral

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36
Q

Which encephalitis causes the highest mortality and what % is that

A

EEE

think(Emergency, Emergency, Emergency)

mortality up to 90%

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37
Q

Is the horse an amplifier or a sentinel for WEE, EEE, and VEE

if amplifier why?

A

sentinel for WEE and EEE

aplifier for VEE due to high circulating ab

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38
Q

How do we dx EV encephalitis

A

ELisa or AB titers

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39
Q

Who gets vaccinate for EV encephalitis and how often/why

A

standard for EEE and WEE

VEE only in endemic areas

give every 6 months bc thats how long their ab titers are good for

40
Q

What virus is caused by skeeters

A

west nile

41
Q

who are the hosts and who are the vectors for west nile

who infects the horses

A

birds-reservoir host

mosquitoes vectors that bite the horses and infect them

42
Q

What virus can enter the CNS and cause encephalomyelitis and cause a grave prognosis if progreses to that

A

West nile

43
Q

What is the most common CS with west nile

what else will you see

A

ataxia 86%

also will see muscle tremors, weakness, fever

44
Q

Whats significant with epi with west nile and how to dx

A

its reportable

antigen capture ELISA for IgM

45
Q

Neuro trauma can cause these types of fractures often see in this age group of horses doing this activity and why does it happen in that age group,

what bone is most common?

this is an _____ fracture from _____aka “_____”

A 
Basilar fracture; 
young horses (training to lead) younging dont have skull symphysis fused

Basiphenoid bone

avulsion fracture from overextension “Whip lash”

46
Q

Can i rule our fracture for basilar shitt if I dont see it on rads

A

nope, hard to see on youngings

47
Q

What is the Number one thing you want to prevent with basilar fracture treatment and what drug is good ad reducing inflmmation

A

prevent edema

DMSO

48
Q

Can i give mannitol if active hemorrage in brain to stop it

A

fuck no

49
Q

describe prognosis with basilar fractures is the recumbency persists…what does it indicate in terms in involvement if they wont get up

A

grave :-( means they are comatose with brainstem involvment

50
Q

Basilar fractures can cause ____ signs and ___ leaking from the ear, along with ____ from nose

A

CNS signs

blood from ear

epistaxis from nose

51
Q

What are the most common cranial nerves that cause brainstem lesions

A

5 trigeminal

7 facial

8 VC

52
Q

Prolonged anesthesia with halter left on face can sue these lesions

A

brainstem lesions

53
Q

Severe brainstem lesions can cause _______ _____

A

respiratory depression

54
Q

If multipe cranial nerves are affected we can conclude its a ____ lesion

A

brainstem

55
Q

Otitis media and interna and traumatic ____ fractures cause _____ disease

A

Vestibular

tramatic skull fractures

56
Q

True or false:

Vestibular disease can be caused by protozoal and verminous migration

A

True

57
Q

Vestibular disease detects the motion of the _____ in spce

A

head

58
Q

Vestibular apparatus is suppose to normally inhibit _____ and activate ____ on the _____ side (same or opp)

A

Vestibular apparatus is suppose to normally inhibit __(flexors)___ and activate __(extensors)__ on the _(SAME)____ side (same or opp)

59
Q

So we stated the normal for Vestibular disease what if theres a lesion:

Horses will tilt their head ____ the ____ on the ____ side (toward or away from the lesion?) with increased ____ ____ on the _____ side
??????

A

tilt their (head) toward the (ground) on the (affected) side (toward the lesion) with increased (gravity tone) on the (**contralateral) side

60
Q

Compare and contrast peripheral and central vestibular dz?

A

Peripheral= fast phase away from the lesion and does not change with head position

animal falls toward side of lesion??

61
Q

When you have vestibular disease with otitis media/interna we often see DJD termed ______ in this region because of this………., that (..answer prev cant give it away….) causes _____ _____ and weakened bone

A

Temporohyoid osteoarthropathy from chronic inflamm causing joint fusion and weakend bone

62
Q

What cranial nerves are involved with vestibular dz with temporal fractures

A

7 and 8

63
Q

When you have vestibular disease with otitis media/interna signs are often _____(acute or chronic) and ______(state if uni or bilateral??)

A

acute unilateral

64
Q

True or False

bilateral dz doesnt occur When you have vestibular disease with otitis media/interna

A

false

bilateral can occur with temporohyoid osteoarthropathy with time

65
Q

When you vestibular disease with otitis media/interna what are some risk factors:

_____ hard ____

Loud _______

______(term done when tired)

A

eating hard feeds

loud vocaliz

yawning

66
Q

True or False

When you vestibular disease with otitis media/interna you actually dont get obvious otitis signs

A

True!!!

67
Q

When you vestibular disease with otitis media/interna in terms of CS you will see ____(acute or chronic) development of _____ sigs

A

acute neuro signs

68
Q

When you vestibular disease with otitis media/interna what is the GOLD STANDARD for how to diagnose it to reveal this

A

RADS to see DJD of stylohyoid bone

69
Q

True or False

Peripheral vestibular diease is worse to have then central

A

false

worse if central

70
Q

Paradoxical vestibular disease does the opposite of normal vestibular disease with the head tilt….
how is it different

A

head tilt and nystagmus go toward the opposite side of lesion

71
Q

Paradoxical vestibular disease causes ____ and ____ both on the ______ side of the lesion, yet their head tilt does what?

A

hemiparesis and postural deficits on the same side of the lesion while the head tilt and nystagmus go toward the opposite side of the lesion

72
Q

What do arabians typically get this brain disease is this region causing these CS

A

Cerebellar Abiotrophy

head tremors
hypermetria(somethings moving that should be mm twitch)
exagerrated spinal reflexes

73
Q

When assessing spinal ataxia what are the normals for intravertiebral sagital ration

state the equation

A=____ of ____
B= ____ of ____ ___
Normal for C3-6= ____% and C7=____%

a ratior less than those percntages means ______

A

A=width of canal
B= Width of vertebral body

Normals for C3-6=52%
C7=56%

A/B x 100=%

a ratio less = wobblers >12

74
Q

When asesing intravertiebral sagital we need to look for this vertebrae _____ because it has a wide flat lateral process that creates a straight lne across the vertebral body

A

C6

75
Q

Dietary vitamin E in geneticaly predisposed horses causes this and state the age bracket and if its LMN or UMN dz.

A

Equine degenerative myelopathy

younger horses les than 1 year

Upper motor neuron mostly (w/Lmn components)

76
Q

Equine degenerative myelopathy is often due to ____(_) ______ abd you will see _____ of the _____ _____ _____ and its considered a LMN or UMN feature?

A

Vitamin(E) deficiency

see areflexia of the cutaneous trunchi muscle considered a LMN component

77
Q

Equine degenerative myelopathy can be treated with ____ _____

A

Alpha Tocoperol

78
Q

EnoTHELIOtrophic Virus is often asc. with this well know equine virus causing a CNS _____ and ____ leading to diffuse _____

A

EHV-1

CNS vasculitis an thromboses leading to a diffuse ischemia

79
Q

True or False

EnoTHELIOtrophic Virus asc causing EHV-2 is not highly contagious displays chronic signs and mostly effects the forelimb with descending weakness and asymmetrical ataxia with dribbling urine

A

FALSE

first off its EHV-1

its acute not chronic

and it is highly contagious

and its suppose to be ASCENDING hind limb weakness and SYMMETRICAL ataxia

dribbling urine is true!!!

80
Q

What a unique CS with EnoTHELIOtrophic Virus (EHV-1)

A

tongue hanging out

81
Q

What is dx for EnoTHELIOtrophic Virus on CSF

A

increased protein and normal WBC = vasculitis

82
Q

what do we treat EnoTHELIOtrophic Virus with

A

anti inflamm and antivirals

83
Q

Cervical Stenotic Myelopathy is known as _____ and state the age group mainly seen with this and if its UMN or LMN

A

Wobblers

younger horses (dynamic lesion)

UMN

84
Q

True or false

Wobblers is a manifestation of a degenerative orthopedic dz

A

true

85
Q

What are the 2 types of wobblers and a simple what they are due to and who is most common

A

Type 1= developmental form related to degenerative orthopedic dz (DOD)

type 1 is most common

Type 2: trauma induces

86
Q

Type 1 wobblers is seen in ____ horse breeds and narrowing throughout their vertebral canal = what mean saggital ratio

A

<52%

87
Q

What do owners say about their horses with wobblers

A

hes not growing into his legs!

88
Q

True or false

adults dont get wobblers once they grown into being an older adult

A

false

younger horses get the dynamic form

older adult=static lesion

89
Q

True or False

wobbler foals are stable

A

false

loose and clumpsy

90
Q

True or False

EHV-1 and Wobblers horses both show symmetrical ataxia more in the hindlimb

A

True

91
Q

Younger horses can only show their wobblers sings on rads in the ____ view with these segments?

what segments do we see in adults

A

flexed C3-C4 C4-C5 (younger C3-5)

adultsC5-C6 adults and C6-7 (C5-7)

92
Q

hat are the treatments for wobblers for adults versus young

A

adult -ventral stabiliation Bagby basket max of 2 grade improvement at best

youngins-pace feeding program (to decrease protein and vit E)

93
Q

Possums cause this disease which is caused by ____ ____

A

Equine protozoal myelitis (EPM) sarcocystitis neurona

94
Q

What are the 3 As of equine protzoal myelitis and what age bracket get this and where are the lesions found

A

Asymmetry
Ataxia
Atrophy

youngins

cranial to foramen magnum

95
Q

With equine protozoal myelitis do we get an increase in IgG or IgM

A

IgG

96
Q

For equine protozoal myelitis what is the gold standard for dx and what is the treatment and how is it implements

A

CNS histopath

Ponazuril is treatment and cone carefully to prevent mass kill of protzoa causing inflammation

big mainstay for treating is you have to treat for at least 30 days and then reassess dont stop too earlyor will reoccur

97
Q

equine protozoal myelitis causes an increase in ____ while West nile causes an increase in ____

state whether or not IgG or IgM

A

equine protozoal myelitis causes an increase in IGG while West nile causes an increase in IGM*****

6th MELEAH LAM FINAL 3am cramming (1 decks)

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