Final Flashcards
1
Q
Neuroplasticity
A
The brain’s ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections. Neurons can respond to changes and adjust their activity in response to new situations or changes in the environment.
2
Q
neurons that fire together
A
each time we think a certain way and feel a certain emotion or perform a certain task, that connection gets reinforced.
3
Q
phantom limb pain
A
is a sensation of pain that feels like it’s coming from a body part that is no longer there.
4
Q
phantom limb pain
A
example of a sensory experience, produced by the brain’s adaptation to its environment.
5
Q
learned paralysis
A
signals from the motor cortex to the paralyzed limb telling it to move, are not obeyed,
6
Q
cortical remapping
A
areas adjacent to the limb may take over, and patients may feel as though their phantom limb is touched when their cheek is touched.
7
Q
long-term potentiation
A
increase synaptic strength due to increased activity between neurons,
8
Q
phantom limb, Spinal Hyperexcitability
A
- decreased activity GABA in spinal cord, may be damaged by axotomy
- Increased sensitivity of NMDA receptors to glutamate, caused by inflammation.
9
Q
Parkinsons
A
Progressive, neurodegenerative adult-onset movement disorder
10
Q
substantia nigra
A
2 regions SNr and SNc
11
Q
SNr
A
input from the striatum, sends signals to thalamus using GABA
12
Q
SNc
A
sends signals to the striatum using dopamine, Nigrostriatal pathway, when neurons here die, person become hypokinetic (decreased movement)
13
Q
SNc
A
initiate movement, fine tune it, loosing these neurons cause the motor symptoms of parkinsons.
14
Q
Bradykinesia
A
slow movement, bc difficulty initiating movement.
15
Q
parkinsons difficult to define
A
- heterogeneity of clinical presentation
- variability of progression rate
- different symptoms present in clinical sub-types.
16
Q
Lewy bodies
A
- protein aggregates,
17
Q
Lysosome
A
in cell, digest things, can clear unwanted molecules, they aren’t doing their job because lewy bodies aren’t cleared.
18
Q
parkinsons, inflammation
A
prolonged microglial activation leads to release of neurotoxic factors, substantia nigra has high density of microglia, THUS an increased sensitivity to cytokines has been linked to oxidative stress.
19
Q
ROS
A
can induce pro-inflammatory signalling.
20
Q
L-dopa
A
- Ldopa, converted to DA by enzyme called dopa-decarboxlase,
- L-dopa administered with carbidopa, a decarboxylase inhibitor.
21
Q
EPO
A
neurotrophic factor, influence microenvironment of the SNc, promote cell survival, it decreases ROS to prevent cell death.
22
Q
all cells in brain
A
arise from neural stem cells, because they can become any cell type,
23
Q
neoplasm
A
new abnormal growth of tissue in the body. If it is a mass, it is called tumour. And a tumour is a mass of abnormal cells that serves no purpose.
24
Q
primary brain tumour
A
originate from cells within the brain, stay within the CNS
25
secondary (metastatic) brain tumour
originate from cells outside of the brain and migrate to the brain.
26
Malignant bt
fast growing, undefined borders, can invade surrounding tissue.
27
Benign
slow growing, well-defined borders, do not invade surrounding tissue.
28
Gliomas
most common, start in glial cells,
29
suffix- blastoma
tumour made up of immature cells,
30
glioblastomas
type of astrocytoma...
31
Glioblastoma multiforme,
made of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, most aggressive and most common type of malignant tumour, (**some times look like a butterfly.)
32
GBM have small area of necrotizing tissue at the core
cells grow so quickly that they outgrow their blood supply, cells at core die via necrosis.
33
Temozolomide
common chemotherapy drug for patients with brain tumours.
34
migraine
not just headache, worsens with movement, pulsating headache.
35
migraine
highly comorbid with depression
36
migraine point system
factors sum to produce migraine, predisposition may add points...
37
migraine: vascular hypothesis
pain of migraine caused by dilation of blood vessels.
38
what causes headache pain in migraine
*Ophthalmic zone, innervated by the spinal nucleus.
39
nerve irritation
nerves in neck and head can be compressed, surgical decompression relives migraine pain.
40
cellular phases of migraines
1. cerebral vasoconstriction, and ischemia, neurons release serotonin, may cause aura.
2. cerebral vasodilation and pain, neurons release vasoactive peptides: substance P and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP)
41
CGRP
causes vasodilation and inflammation of blood vessels,
42
migraine treatment
triptans are sertotonin agonists,
1. act on blood vessels: vasoconstriction
2. act on pre-synaptic neurons to inhibit release of peptides (like CGRP)
3. activate receptors In the brain stem which is believed to inhibit trigeminal neurons.
43
migraines: drugs
1. prophylactic: prevent phase 1,
| 2. abortive remedy phase two.
44
migraine
no standardized tool for diagnosis.
45
Epilepsy
condition that causes seizures
46
seizures
are bursts of abnormal, highly synchronous, electrical activity in the brain.
47
seizures
the brain is most susceptible during times of transition (sleep to wake).
48
2 groups of seizure
Focal onset seizures: start at precise spot on brain, then spread to other regions.
Generalized onset: affect both sides of the brain: and ALWAYS affect awareness.
49
focal onset
strange sensation; tingling.
50
tonic-clonic
muscle stiffness, violent muscle contractions.
51
myoclonic
muscle twitches, short but may have many.
52
atonic
muscles become limp.
53
epilepsy
excitatory neurons develop axonal collaterals: new axons sprouting new connections.
54
EEG
most common test used to diagnose epilepsy. Ppl with epilepsy generally show abnormal patterns of neural activity.
55
3 category for anticonvulsant
1. Na and Ca inhibitors
2. drugs that increase GABA activity
3. Drugs that decrease glutamate activity.
56
his muscles go limp, falls
general onset, antonic seizure.
57
Pain
an unpleasant or aversive sensory experience typically associated with tissue injury or illness.
58
substance P
terminal buttons of sensory neurons are in the dorsal horn of the SC this is where substance P will be released.
59
Nociceptive inputs
spinal cord project to multiple regions of the brain and are processed in parallel fashion.
60
pain
signals can occur at any level of synaptic communication
61
neuropathic pain
widespread pain, burning sensation (allodynia) caused by light touch, or acute pain in the absence of a noxious stimulus.
62
chronic pain
long term, longer than 12 weeks.
63
fibromyalgia
centralized pain, most common, more in women, no cure, not degenerative.
64
central sensitization
person may have wide range of other sensitivities which can affect everything from cognition to emotion to sleep.
65
nerve growth factor NGF
nociceptors are influenced by NGF; increase growth, incr sensitivity to pain, incr release of substance P.
66
too much go
too much excitation leads to too much NT that signal pain, NGF and substance P, and too little no, decreased pain threshold, receptors activated with little stimulation.
67
NGF
is a protein in a group called neurotrophins.
68
fibromyalgia
disorder of exclusion, diagnosis is difficult because symptoms can mimic those of other conditions.
69
cell differentiation
when cells take on specific characteristics.
70
embryo 3 layers
1. Ectoderm: nervous system and skin
2. mesoderm: bone and muscle
3. Endoderm: Lining of internal organs
71
How does the ectoderm become the CNS?
1. neural plate:
2. neural groove and neural crest form in neural plate
3. week 4: neural groove folds to become neural tube.
72
neural tube
1. prosencephalon: forebrain
2. mesencephalon: midbrain
3. rhombencephalon: hindbrain.
73
axon target;
growth cone, guidance cues: chemoattraction and chemorepulsion.
74
vision monkey
one eye closed, connections are not made
75
meningocele
sac containing CSF protruding
76
myelomeningocele
SC protrudes through gaps in vertebrae...
77
Anencephaly
neural tube fails to close, disorganized brain.
78
Hydrocephalus
water on the brain, too much CSF in the ventricular system.
79
chiari malformation
part of the cerebellum protrudes through the back of skull.
80
fragile X
more than 200 repeats of gene
81
fragile X strengths
imitation, visual memory, cooperation, sociable, female: sequential processing, Male: simultaneous processing.
82
FX
pyramidal neurons show altered structure, something wrong with the dendrites,
83
dendritic spine
allow for more synaptic connections and thus better communication
84
3 types of dendritic spine
1. thin:
2. mushroom:
3. stubby
*this is the efficiency of the synapse.
85
FX cellular
thin, immature spine, fewer, possible impairment of synaptic pruning processes.
86
FMRP
negative regulator of protein translation, cytoplasmic protein, it can act as a transport mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm to be transcribed. THUS, a lack of FMRP means that these processes go unregulated and altered spine dynamics result
87
FX
no drug for ...
88
FX
1. hypoactive: response to sensory stimuli has motor or social consequences
Hypoactive: hand-biting
Hyperactive: Tactile defensiveness, motor delay.
89
Cerebral Palsy
refers to a group of disorders of movement and posture caused by damage to the brain that occurs around the time of birth. (Fixed, lesion, motor impairment).
90
CP clasp-knife reflec
decrease in resistance while attempting to flex a muscle.
91
CP lesion
corticospinal tract: spastic CP.
92
neonatal infarction
hypoxia and ischemia due to decrease blood flow lead to cell death.
93
CP: selective dorsal rhizotomy
cutting the sensory nerves that are spastic.
94
CP: selective dorsal rhizotomy
cutting the sensory nerves that are spastic. BUT weakness can result after surgery.
95
modified constraint-induced movement
CIMT: 90% waking hours, 6 hours per day 2 weeks, natural settings.
MCIMT: Alternative, more natural settings (e.g. day camp, home program)
Reducing intensity of the therapy (e.g. shorter therapy sessions, child-geared relevant activities instead of traditional ‘exercises’, limiting constraint of affected limb to therapy sessions)
96
Down syndrome
Most common occurring chromosomal condition and most common cause of intellectual disability.
97
Trisomy 21; 3 ways
1. 3 full copies of chromosome 21
2. chromosomal translocation
3. Mosaicism: not all cells have 3 copies of chromosome 21.
98
Mitosis
produce two identical cells.
99
Maternal nondisjunction
Most common cause of trisomy 21, which means that mom's chromosomes are not splitting properly.
100
Hypotonia
decreased muscle tone, (floppy)
101
downs syndrome and alzheimer
1. B-amyloid protein, made from APP which is encoded on chromosome 21. The increased frequency of dementia is thought to be a result of having extra APP produced.
102
left hemisphere
language, problem solving, semantic knowledge, interpreter.
103
right hemisphere
spatial analysis, perception, part-whole relations.
104
left regions
Broca's area: speech production
| Wernicke's area: Language comprehension
105
vision
Information from temporal halves of the retina travels ipsilaterally to the cortex. Information from the nasal halves of each retina travels contralaterally to the cortex. Thus the left visual field is processed in the right hemisphere.
106
cat experiment
connection between movement and perception, cat that didn't move, unfamiliar with environment, didn't know how to interact, the point is that self-produced movement is critical for perceptual development.
107
dendrite
off the cell body, spine is where the synapse is.
108
fibromyalgia positive feedback
low serotonin, lots of substance P and nerve growth factor.
109
CP, Baclofen
substance looks like GABA, acts a level of spinal cord, reduces the release of excitatory NTs by binding to GABA's receptors,
110
neurite
something pff cell body
