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origin of language > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

how do human reproductive patterns compare to those of other animals according to deacon

A

humans are unique in that males and females live in sexually exclusive pairs in which males provide food to females and children, but these pairs exist within larger social groups

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2
Q

which is a universal characteristic of all languages according to pinker

A

words are organized into phrases

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3
Q

what is the specific problem of human group living according to deacon

A

males need to be away to hunt collectively and therefore can never be sure if the females are having sex with others, but these males will not prove food to females and children unless they can be sure that the children are their own

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4
Q

what does a likeness do according to pierce?

A

focuses on a common quality and ignores differences

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5
Q

why does specific language impairment demonstrate the existence of a language module according to pinker

A

people with specific language impairment have normal intelligence but cannot use grammar properly, indicating that their language module is defective

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6
Q

what is the significance of the water episode for helen keller

A

she is able to understand a sign as a common noun

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7
Q

for hobbes, universals are created by

A

common names

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8
Q

what is the relationship between claim and reason

A

claim follows logically from the reason

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9
Q

in his discussion of the origin of language, herder argues that ____ allows the human to focus attention on a specific quality of the sheep

A

a distinguishing mark

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10
Q

how did use of symbols begin according to deacon?

A

symbol use began as a way of solving problems of sexual selection

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11
Q

according to noam chomskys idea of universal grammar

A

there is a common set of grammatical super-rules that apply to all languages

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12
Q

which of the following is an argument pinker uses to demonstrate that language is innate in children and not learned?

A

when young children grow up with a pidgin language they turn the pidgin language into a creole language with a proper grammar

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13
Q

according to warburton, god must have taught humans language because

A

god taught them religion

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14
Q

according to rousseau, human language differs from animal language because human language is based on

A

convention

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15
Q

in “stove is black” what is not true according to peirce?

A

black can be dissociated from white

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16
Q

which of the following is an argument that pinker uses to demonstrate that language is an instinct?

A

the ability to use human language is the same as general intelligence

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17
Q

why is it difficult for animals to learn symbolic reference according to deacon?

A

the ability to use human language is the same as general intelligence

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18
Q

why is it difficult for animals to learn symbolic reference according to deacon

A

they must first learn indexical relationships between signs and objects but then must stop paying attention to those indexical relationships in order to see the relationships between signs

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19
Q

according to rousseau, human language begins with

A

passion

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20
Q

which argument does pinker not use to demonstrate that there is a language module in the brain?

A

universal grammar also applies to animal languages

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21
Q

how did language originate according to pinker?

A

natural selection

22
Q

why are children better learners of language than adults according to deacon

A

poor memory and short attention span are advantageous in language learning

23
Q

which of the following is similar to peirce’s idea of the interpretant?

A

warrant

24
Q

why do music and language have common origin according to rousseau

A

both music and language develop through the creation of articulations, which interrupt and differentiate the flow of sound

25
Q

what is the function of conceptions for pierce?

A

to reduce the manifold of sense impressions to unity

26
Q

how does warburton explain the development of universals?

A

a particular image becomes general through habitual use

27
Q

how does herder define reflection

A

the ability to concentrate attention on a particular thing at will

28
Q

how does pinker’s description of human language differ from herder’s

A

for pinker, language is a special adaptation but for herder language requires instincts and skills

29
Q

according to peirce, indexical reference is based on

A

seeing a similarity

30
Q

how does deacon explain origin of language

A

human brain and natural selection

31
Q

what kind of sign does a vervet monkey use to point out different predators

A

index

32
Q

how did helen keller see niagra falls

A

she felt the vibrations on the window and linked this experience to what she knew about the falls

33
Q

how does the human brain process language according to deacon

A

the different elements of every sentence are distributed across many parts

34
Q

why does reference to a ground imply reference to a correlate according to pierece

A

we can only know a quality by comparing or contrasting it to another quality

35
Q

which of the following is not a function of speech for hobbes

A

preventing incest

36
Q

which is not describing relationship

A

cousin

37
Q

which of the following is not true about the interpretant according to pierce

A

it is required for creating a likeness

38
Q

what kind of language do humans share with animals according to herder

A

language of gesture

39
Q

what makes articulation in language conventional according to rousseaue

A

articulation is not natural, requires more attention and skill

40
Q

rousseau uses the story of the giant to argue that ___ precedes literal language

A

figurative language

41
Q

how does the brain develop in an individual organism according to deacon

A

by initially producing more neurons than necessary and then killing off the ones that do not receive input information

42
Q

according to herder, the use of reason

A

requires language

43
Q

which example does warburton use

A

the delivery of a mouse, frog bird plow

44
Q

according to deacon, symbolic reference is based on

A

seeing a relationship of sign to an object that is determined by the relation of symbols to each other

45
Q

how does deacon explain the existence of universal grammar

A

universal grammar emerges spontaneously in every language because the selection pressures of the child’s brain shapes language to what the brain can accomodate

46
Q

significance of the frost king epidose

A

a text she wrote was plagiarized

47
Q

how does symbolic system solve the specific problem of human group living according to deacon

A

marriage forms a symbolic system that allows public and verifiable promises about fidelity to a mate

48
Q

why is the human brain well suited for learning symbolic relationships according to deacon

A

the prefrontal cortex allows humans to direct attention in response to symbolic rather than sensory cues

49
Q

what does it mean that human language has a phase structure

A

in all language sentences can be broken up into group sof words that are organized into phrases, with each phrase having a seperate function into tree structure

50
Q

how does language develop according to a process of natural selection according to deacon

A

variation in language, the easiest variations for children to learn tend to survive

51
Q

according to peirce, a weather vane that shows the direction of the wind is an

A

index

origin of language (1 decks)

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