final Flashcards
how do human reproductive patterns compare to those of other animals according to deacon
humans are unique in that males and females live in sexually exclusive pairs in which males provide food to females and children, but these pairs exist within larger social groups
which is a universal characteristic of all languages according to pinker
words are organized into phrases
what is the specific problem of human group living according to deacon
males need to be away to hunt collectively and therefore can never be sure if the females are having sex with others, but these males will not prove food to females and children unless they can be sure that the children are their own
what does a likeness do according to pierce?
focuses on a common quality and ignores differences
why does specific language impairment demonstrate the existence of a language module according to pinker
people with specific language impairment have normal intelligence but cannot use grammar properly, indicating that their language module is defective
what is the significance of the water episode for helen keller
she is able to understand a sign as a common noun
for hobbes, universals are created by
common names
what is the relationship between claim and reason
claim follows logically from the reason
in his discussion of the origin of language, herder argues that ____ allows the human to focus attention on a specific quality of the sheep
a distinguishing mark
how did use of symbols begin according to deacon?
symbol use began as a way of solving problems of sexual selection
according to noam chomskys idea of universal grammar
there is a common set of grammatical super-rules that apply to all languages
which of the following is an argument pinker uses to demonstrate that language is innate in children and not learned?
when young children grow up with a pidgin language they turn the pidgin language into a creole language with a proper grammar
according to warburton, god must have taught humans language because
god taught them religion
according to rousseau, human language differs from animal language because human language is based on
convention
in “stove is black” what is not true according to peirce?
black can be dissociated from white
which of the following is an argument that pinker uses to demonstrate that language is an instinct?
the ability to use human language is the same as general intelligence
why is it difficult for animals to learn symbolic reference according to deacon?
the ability to use human language is the same as general intelligence
why is it difficult for animals to learn symbolic reference according to deacon
they must first learn indexical relationships between signs and objects but then must stop paying attention to those indexical relationships in order to see the relationships between signs
according to rousseau, human language begins with
passion
which argument does pinker not use to demonstrate that there is a language module in the brain?
universal grammar also applies to animal languages
how did language originate according to pinker?
natural selection
why are children better learners of language than adults according to deacon
poor memory and short attention span are advantageous in language learning
which of the following is similar to peirce’s idea of the interpretant?
warrant
why do music and language have common origin according to rousseau
both music and language develop through the creation of articulations, which interrupt and differentiate the flow of sound
what is the function of conceptions for pierce?
to reduce the manifold of sense impressions to unity
how does warburton explain the development of universals?
a particular image becomes general through habitual use
how does herder define reflection
the ability to concentrate attention on a particular thing at will
how does pinker’s description of human language differ from herder’s
for pinker, language is a special adaptation but for herder language requires instincts and skills
according to peirce, indexical reference is based on
seeing a similarity
how does deacon explain origin of language
human brain and natural selection
what kind of sign does a vervet monkey use to point out different predators
index
how did helen keller see niagra falls
she felt the vibrations on the window and linked this experience to what she knew about the falls
how does the human brain process language according to deacon
the different elements of every sentence are distributed across many parts
why does reference to a ground imply reference to a correlate according to pierece
we can only know a quality by comparing or contrasting it to another quality
which of the following is not a function of speech for hobbes
preventing incest
which is not describing relationship
cousin
which of the following is not true about the interpretant according to pierce
it is required for creating a likeness
what kind of language do humans share with animals according to herder
language of gesture
what makes articulation in language conventional according to rousseaue
articulation is not natural, requires more attention and skill
rousseau uses the story of the giant to argue that ___ precedes literal language
figurative language
how does the brain develop in an individual organism according to deacon
by initially producing more neurons than necessary and then killing off the ones that do not receive input information
according to herder, the use of reason
requires language
which example does warburton use
the delivery of a mouse, frog bird plow
according to deacon, symbolic reference is based on
seeing a relationship of sign to an object that is determined by the relation of symbols to each other
how does deacon explain the existence of universal grammar
universal grammar emerges spontaneously in every language because the selection pressures of the child’s brain shapes language to what the brain can accomodate
significance of the frost king epidose
a text she wrote was plagiarized
how does symbolic system solve the specific problem of human group living according to deacon
marriage forms a symbolic system that allows public and verifiable promises about fidelity to a mate
why is the human brain well suited for learning symbolic relationships according to deacon
the prefrontal cortex allows humans to direct attention in response to symbolic rather than sensory cues
what does it mean that human language has a phase structure
in all language sentences can be broken up into group sof words that are organized into phrases, with each phrase having a seperate function into tree structure
how does language develop according to a process of natural selection according to deacon
variation in language, the easiest variations for children to learn tend to survive
according to peirce, a weather vane that shows the direction of the wind is an
index
