Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Cell Physiology > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

When does DNA replication occur?

A

S phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When does chromatin condense to chromosomes?

A

Prophase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where do microtubules attach on the chromosome?

A

Kinetochore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When do chromatids align?

A

Metaphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What causes migration of the chromosomes to the poles?

A

Shortening of the microtubule-kinetochores and elongation of polar microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What occurs during cytokinesis?

A

Formation of cleavage burrow, division of cytoplasm, contractile ring of actin and myosin, formation of daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cyclin concentration remains constant throughout the cell cycle. True or false?

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The checkpoint referred to as the point of no return

A

G1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Retinoblastoma protein causes cell cycle to arrest when

A

Dephosphorylated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which tumor suppressor protein is activated by DNA damage?

A

P53

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor?

A

P21

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Activity of which enzyme controls entry into mitosis?

A

CDK1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which enzyme activates CDK1?

A

Cdc25c phosphatase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which genes control cell differentiation?

A

Protooncogenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which gene is most often mutated in cancerous cells?

A

Tumor suppressor genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does p53 do in a cell?

A

Stall the cell cycle for DNA repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Progression of cancer is a multi step process that occurs over man years. True or false?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which growth factor is required for angiogenesis?

A

Vascular endothelial growth factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Apoptosis is an inflammatory process. True or false?

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which is an anti-apoptotic protein?

A

Bcl-2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which enzymes are stimulated in both the intrinsic and extrinsic signaling of apoptosis?

A

Caspases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

_______ caspases active _______ caspases resulting in apoptosis

A

Initiator, effector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Cytochrome c leaks from the mitochondria during the _________ signaling of apoptosis.

A

Intrinsic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Aging can result from

A

DNA damage, loss of DNA repair, shorter telomeres, epigenetic changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
One of the major hallmarks of aging that is beneficial for tumor suppression but detrimental for aging
Cellular senescence
26
The consumption of sugar is a great way to extend lifespan. True or false?
False
27
Most of the charge of the testing membrane potential is due to which transport channel?
K+ leak channel
28
Fast depolarization is due to ______ of _______
Influx; Na+
29
Repolarization is due to ______ of _________
Efflux; K+
30
Which transport channel is utilized to maintain the Na and K gradients?
Na+/ K+ ATPase pump
31
Propagation of the action potential is faster in
Myelinated nerves
32
Increased permeability to K provides a delay between action potentials
Hyperpolarization
33
Contractile units of skeletal muscle cells
Sarcomere
34
In the sliding filament model myosin bonds to actin in the absence of Ca. True or false?
False
35
Structures that “transfer” depolarization signal from external membrane to internal SR
Transverse tubules
36
Influx of ________ into the presynaptic nerve signals the release of acetylcholine
Ca
37
Removal of ACh from the synapse
Acetylcholinesterase
38
Antibodies blocking ACh receptors would cause
Flaccid paralysis
39
Contraction of smooth muscle is voluntary. True or false?
False
40
All muscle contraction is based on the sliding filament model. True or false?
True
41
Multi-unit muscle contracts _____ while unitary muscle contracts _______\
Independently, together
42
The dense bodies in smooth muscle serve a similar function as the _______ in skeletal muscle
Z line
43
The major source of Ca used for smooth muscle contraction is extracellular. True or false?
True
44
Calmodulin inhibits MCLK. True or false?
False
45
Smooth muscle contraction relies solely on membrane depolarization. True or false?
False
46
Phase were organelles and intracellular structures are replicated
G1
47
Phase where chromatin condenses into chromosomes and nucleolus disappears
Prophase
48
Phase where nuclear membrane breaks down
Prometaphase
49
Phase where chromosomes line up along metaphase plate
Metaphase
50
Phase where chromosomes break at centromeres and sister chromatids move to opposite ends of cell
Anaphase
51
Phase where kinetochore microtubules and mitotic spindles disassemble
Telophase
52
Phase where nuclear envelopes form around both nuclei
Telophase
53
Phase where chromatids decondense back into chromatin
Telophase
54
Cyclin concentration
Varies due to synthesis and degradation
55
CDK concentration
Constant concentration
56
Which AAs does CDK phosphorylate
Serine and threonine
57
DNA damage activates which tumor suppressor protein
P53
58
P53 stimulates
Synthesis of P21
59
P21 function
Stops cell cycle progression so DNA can be fixed
60
3 checkpoints of cell cycle regulation
1. G1 2. S 3. G2
61
Steps in apoptosis
1. Shrink in size 2. Mitochondria release cytochrome c 3. Chromatin in nucleus condenses 4. Plasma membrane buds off 5. Phosphatidyl serine moves to outer leaflet 6. Cell engulfed by macrophages
62
Necrosis
Cells increase in size and lyse Intracellular contents are inflammatory
63
Pro-death proteins
Bak and Bax
64
Pro-survival proteins
Bcl-2 family
65
What engulfs cell during apoptosis
Macrophages
66
Macrophage binds what tag during apoptosis
Phosphatidyl serine
67
Protooncogenes control
Cell growth and differentiation
68
Tumor suppressor proteins control
Unregulated progression through cell cycle
69
Most likely to be mutated during abnormal cell growth
P53
70
2 models of cancer development
Clonal evolution model | Stem cell theory
71
4 stages of cancer development
1. Initiation 2. Promotion 3. Progression 4. Metastasis
72
Immunotherapy
Use of immune cells to treat human diseases - T cells and antibodies
73
3 things that lead to genomic instability with age
1. Accumulation of DNA damage throughout life 2. Loss of DNA repair mechanisms 3. Damage to nuclear lamina
74
Shorter telomeres associated with
Increased mortality and shorter life-span
75
Senescent cells
Do not re-enter growth cycle
76
Main intracellular cation
Potassium
77
Main extracellular cation
Sodium
78
Net resting potential of most nerve fibers
-70 mV
79
Channel that maintains membrane potential
Na+/K+ pump
80
What happens during depolarization
Flux of sodium to interior of neuron
81
Change in membrane potential stimulates
Action potential
82
What happens during repolarization
Flux of potassium out of neuron
83
Myelin ______ velocity of impulse movement
Increases
84
What happens in Process of hyperpolarization
Excess flow of K+ out of cell
85
Cells that are not committed to replicating DNA are in what phase
G0
86
Cells in G0 phase must be _______ to reenter cell cycle
Reactivated
87
Gap of time between end of S phase and mitosis
G2 phase
88
Contains a checkpoint to ensure nuclear integrity and fix any issues
G2
89
2 chromatids are connected by
Centromere and kinetochore
90
Quiescence
Temporarily in G0 phase
91
Cyclin and CDKs that function at G1/S checkpoint
Cyclin D CDK4 and CDK6
92
Cyclin and CDK that function in initiation of DNA synthesis in early S phase
Cyclins E and A CDK2
93
Cyclin and CDK that are at G2 checkpoint
Cyclin B CDK1
94
G1 checkpoint
Prevents progression to DNA synthesis
95
S checkpoint
Ensures proper DNA replication
96
G2 checkpoint
Ensure cells is ready for mitosis
97
M checkpoint
Checks mitotic spindle before separating in anaphase | Metaphase
98
RB protein
Keeps cell in G1 phase
99
P53 induces apoptosis when
DNA damage is not able to be fixed
100
BRCA1
Helps repair double strand breaks in S phase
101
Unregulated cell division leads to
CANCER
102
Mutated protooncogenes
Oncogenes

Cell Physiology (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions