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Cell Physiology > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

When does DNA replication occur?

A

S phase

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2
Q

When does chromatin condense to chromosomes?

A

Prophase

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3
Q

Where do microtubules attach on the chromosome?

A

Kinetochore

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4
Q

When do chromatids align?

A

Metaphase

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5
Q

What causes migration of the chromosomes to the poles?

A

Shortening of the microtubule-kinetochores and elongation of polar microtubules

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6
Q

What occurs during cytokinesis?

A

Formation of cleavage burrow, division of cytoplasm, contractile ring of actin and myosin, formation of daughter cells

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7
Q

Cyclin concentration remains constant throughout the cell cycle. True or false?

A

False

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8
Q

The checkpoint referred to as the point of no return

A

G1

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9
Q

Retinoblastoma protein causes cell cycle to arrest when

A

Dephosphorylated

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10
Q

Which tumor suppressor protein is activated by DNA damage?

A

P53

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11
Q

Which is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor?

A

P21

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12
Q

Activity of which enzyme controls entry into mitosis?

A

CDK1

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13
Q

Which enzyme activates CDK1?

A

Cdc25c phosphatase

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14
Q

Which genes control cell differentiation?

A

Protooncogenes

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15
Q

Which gene is most often mutated in cancerous cells?

A

Tumor suppressor genes

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16
Q

What does p53 do in a cell?

A

Stall the cell cycle for DNA repair

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17
Q

Progression of cancer is a multi step process that occurs over man years. True or false?

A

True

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18
Q

Which growth factor is required for angiogenesis?

A

Vascular endothelial growth factor

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19
Q

Apoptosis is an inflammatory process. True or false?

A

False

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20
Q

Which is an anti-apoptotic protein?

A

Bcl-2

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21
Q

Which enzymes are stimulated in both the intrinsic and extrinsic signaling of apoptosis?

A

Caspases

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22
Q

_______ caspases active _______ caspases resulting in apoptosis

A

Initiator, effector

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23
Q

Cytochrome c leaks from the mitochondria during the _________ signaling of apoptosis.

A

Intrinsic

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24
Q

Aging can result from

A

DNA damage, loss of DNA repair, shorter telomeres, epigenetic changes

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25
Q

One of the major hallmarks of aging that is beneficial for tumor suppression but detrimental for aging

A

Cellular senescence

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26
Q

The consumption of sugar is a great way to extend lifespan. True or false?

A

False

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27
Q

Most of the charge of the testing membrane potential is due to which transport channel?

A

K+ leak channel

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28
Q

Fast depolarization is due to ______ of _______

A

Influx; Na+

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29
Q

Repolarization is due to ______ of _________

A

Efflux; K+

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30
Q

Which transport channel is utilized to maintain the Na and K gradients?

A

Na+/ K+ ATPase pump

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31
Q

Propagation of the action potential is faster in

A

Myelinated nerves

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32
Q

Increased permeability to K provides a delay between action potentials

A

Hyperpolarization

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33
Q

Contractile units of skeletal muscle cells

A

Sarcomere

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34
Q

In the sliding filament model myosin bonds to actin in the absence of Ca. True or false?

A

False

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35
Q

Structures that “transfer” depolarization signal from external membrane to internal SR

A

Transverse tubules

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36
Q

Influx of ________ into the presynaptic nerve signals the release of acetylcholine

A

Ca

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37
Q

Removal of ACh from the synapse

A

Acetylcholinesterase

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38
Q

Antibodies blocking ACh receptors would cause

A

Flaccid paralysis

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39
Q

Contraction of smooth muscle is voluntary. True or false?

A

False

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40
Q

All muscle contraction is based on the sliding filament model. True or false?

A

True

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41
Q

Multi-unit muscle contracts _____ while unitary muscle contracts _______\

A

Independently, together

42
Q

The dense bodies in smooth muscle serve a similar function as the _______ in skeletal muscle

A

Z line

43
Q

The major source of Ca used for smooth muscle contraction is extracellular. True or false?

A

True

44
Q

Calmodulin inhibits MCLK. True or false?

A

False

45
Q

Smooth muscle contraction relies solely on membrane depolarization. True or false?

A

False

46
Q

Phase were organelles and intracellular structures are replicated

A

G1

47
Q

Phase where chromatin condenses into chromosomes and nucleolus disappears

A

Prophase

48
Q

Phase where nuclear membrane breaks down

A

Prometaphase

49
Q

Phase where chromosomes line up along metaphase plate

A

Metaphase

50
Q

Phase where chromosomes break at centromeres and sister chromatids move to opposite ends of cell

A

Anaphase

51
Q

Phase where kinetochore microtubules and mitotic spindles disassemble

A

Telophase

52
Q

Phase where nuclear envelopes form around both nuclei

A

Telophase

53
Q

Phase where chromatids decondense back into chromatin

A

Telophase

54
Q

Cyclin concentration

A

Varies due to synthesis and degradation

55
Q

CDK concentration

A

Constant concentration

56
Q

Which AAs does CDK phosphorylate

A

Serine and threonine

57
Q

DNA damage activates which tumor suppressor protein

A

P53

58
Q

P53 stimulates

A

Synthesis of P21

59
Q

P21 function

A

Stops cell cycle progression so DNA can be fixed

60
Q

3 checkpoints of cell cycle regulation

A
  1. G1
  2. S
  3. G2
61
Q

Steps in apoptosis

A
  1. Shrink in size
  2. Mitochondria release cytochrome c
  3. Chromatin in nucleus condenses
  4. Plasma membrane buds off
  5. Phosphatidyl serine moves to outer leaflet
  6. Cell engulfed by macrophages
62
Q

Necrosis

A

Cells increase in size and lyse

Intracellular contents are inflammatory

63
Q

Pro-death proteins

A

Bak and Bax

64
Q

Pro-survival proteins

A

Bcl-2 family

65
Q

What engulfs cell during apoptosis

A

Macrophages

66
Q

Macrophage binds what tag during apoptosis

A

Phosphatidyl serine

67
Q

Protooncogenes control

A

Cell growth and differentiation

68
Q

Tumor suppressor proteins control

A

Unregulated progression through cell cycle

69
Q

Most likely to be mutated during abnormal cell growth

A

P53

70
Q

2 models of cancer development

A

Clonal evolution model

Stem cell theory

71
Q

4 stages of cancer development

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Promotion
  3. Progression
  4. Metastasis
72
Q

Immunotherapy

A

Use of immune cells to treat human diseases

  • T cells and antibodies
73
Q

3 things that lead to genomic instability with age

A
  1. Accumulation of DNA damage throughout life
  2. Loss of DNA repair mechanisms
  3. Damage to nuclear lamina
74
Q

Shorter telomeres associated with

A

Increased mortality and shorter life-span

75
Q

Senescent cells

A

Do not re-enter growth cycle

76
Q

Main intracellular cation

A

Potassium

77
Q

Main extracellular cation

A

Sodium

78
Q

Net resting potential of most nerve fibers

A

-70 mV

79
Q

Channel that maintains membrane potential

A

Na+/K+ pump

80
Q

What happens during depolarization

A

Flux of sodium to interior of neuron

81
Q

Change in membrane potential stimulates

A

Action potential

82
Q

What happens during repolarization

A

Flux of potassium out of neuron

83
Q

Myelin ______ velocity of impulse movement

A

Increases

84
Q

What happens in Process of hyperpolarization

A

Excess flow of K+ out of cell

85
Q

Cells that are not committed to replicating DNA are in what phase

A

G0

86
Q

Cells in G0 phase must be _______ to reenter cell cycle

A

Reactivated

87
Q

Gap of time between end of S phase and mitosis

A

G2 phase

88
Q

Contains a checkpoint to ensure nuclear integrity and fix any issues

A

G2

89
Q

2 chromatids are connected by

A

Centromere and kinetochore

90
Q

Quiescence

A

Temporarily in G0 phase

91
Q

Cyclin and CDKs that function at G1/S checkpoint

A

Cyclin D

CDK4 and CDK6

92
Q

Cyclin and CDK that function in initiation of DNA synthesis in early S phase

A

Cyclins E and A

CDK2

93
Q

Cyclin and CDK that are at G2 checkpoint

A

Cyclin B

CDK1

94
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

Prevents progression to DNA synthesis

95
Q

S checkpoint

A

Ensures proper DNA replication

96
Q

G2 checkpoint

A

Ensure cells is ready for mitosis

97
Q

M checkpoint

A

Checks mitotic spindle before separating in anaphase

Metaphase

98
Q

RB protein

A

Keeps cell in G1 phase

99
Q

P53 induces apoptosis when

A

DNA damage is not able to be fixed

100
Q

BRCA1

A

Helps repair double strand breaks in S phase

101
Q

Unregulated cell division leads to

A

CANCER

102
Q

Mutated protooncogenes

A

Oncogenes

Cell Physiology (1 decks)

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