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PS 127 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

US chose

A

internal balancing and developing national power from within

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2
Q

Alexander Hamilton

A

it is the national interest to develop a policy of self-sufficiency

European ambition was THE threat to national security

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3
Q

Two related policies for self-sufficiency

A 
Continental Expansion (Manifest Destiny) 
Isolationism (Monroe Doctrine)
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4
Q

Continental Expansion
(Manifest Destiny)

Problems

A
  • expansion is morally ‘right’
  • a belief that the US was destined for greatness, blessed by God, and driven to expand until domination of the continent

Problems

  • Indian Wars & Genocde
  • the issue of slavery in new territories
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5
Q

American leaders faced two choices

A
  1. Ally with Britain (Jefferson, Madison)
    - free-ride; cultural ties
  2. Unilateralism (J.Q. Adams)
    - reliance was weakness; Britain will win the economic war
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6
Q

Monroe Doctrine

3 elements

European reaction

A
  1. non-colonization
    - anti ethical to liberal democracy
    - reject colonization of the region
    - allow self-determination
  2. abstain from European politics
  3. extended a threat to Europeans
    - any attempt to impact politics of the hemisphere would be considered “dangerous to our peace and safety”

Reaction
Europe largely ignored the statement but to Americans this was a spinal document, similar to the D.O.C.

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7
Q

Reason for economic expansion

A

steel and oil

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8
Q

Andrew Carnegie

A
  1. law of surplus: run hard and sell cheap
    - ‘dumping’ - selling steel below cost
    - outbid all competitors
    - manipulate European need for steel

“produced more goods, at lower and lower cost, then undersold all competitions

  1. Triumphant Democracy
    - capitalism creates democracy
    - avoid colonial empire

Real secret: profits from labor costs and generous working conditions grew the American economy

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9
Q

John D. Rockefeller:

A

Standard Oil

  • profited from protectionist measures
  • required expansion into new markets
  • using diplomacy to expand into Asia

Summary: the coalition of steel and oil created the first great wealth explosion in the US

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10
Q

Carnegie….Rockefeller…

A

Carnegie built the machines, Rockefeller fueled them

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11
Q

How to protect the new economic capacity?

A

Protect sea lanes with a strong Navy

  • Carnegie: the builder
  • Mahan: the strategist
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12
Q

Carnegie initially against

A

building ships
BUT
- political appeals
- profit (product cost $175/ton; sold to US gov. $450/ton)

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13
Q

Carnegie saw the need to

A

protect trade
- in 1880s US had 90 ships ranked 12th in the world

  • Nationalism and the creation of the “Great White Fleet”

US Navy had to be present, prepared & superior

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14
Q

Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan

A

The Influence of Sea Power upon History

  • the sea is a great common area that connects nations to nations and promotes trade

All successful great powers had an advantage on the sea

  • Necessary to build a Navy
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15
Q

American plan for Asia

A

“Goods, God & Gunboats”

  • economic expansion backed by sea power
  • Christian missionaries

“Everyone thus helped would be…a drummer for your goods, and the great church they represent at home would be your advertising agents”

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16
Q

Spanish American War

System

A

Internation: Multipolarity
- Europeans feared an Anglo-American alliance

Regional: Spanish hegemony
- US was outclassed in almost every category
- Spain - 80-150K troops 40k reserve
- US 28k troops 100k reserve
- Spain - more ships; greater maneuverability
US - fewer but more modern ships; better experience

But with destruction of the Maine there were no battleships the Easter seaboard

17
Q

Spanish American War

Society

A

Interest Groups

  • business coalition
  • humanitarian groups “Cuba Libre”

Public Opinions & the influence of the media
- “with censorship it was reasonable to expect that writers would stoop to any means necessary to obtain news stories”

18
Q

Spanish American war

Formal Actors

Problem

A

-Congres & Redfield Proctor’s speech

  • McKinley resisted
    “ no more backbone than a chocolate eclair”

Problem:
Bad advisors
- gave a space for political entrepreneurs

19
Q

Spanish American War

IN SUM

A

System - weak US, stronger Europe

Society - media & business interests

  • Formal - Congress, McKinley & his ‘friends’
20
Q

Explanations for Spanish American War

A
  1. popular opinion
    McKinley: stalled & used deadlines
    • but groundswell of popular opinion pressured him into war
      • Congress and the media were responsible for the motivation for war
    • the public and moral outrage
    • but also fear and panic
  2. coalition politics
    McKinley: stalled & used deadlines
    • protect business interest
    • acted only when it was prudent for business (Perez)
  3. governmental politics Congress & support for the navy
    • military was unprepared
    • Henry Cabot Lodge & the Senate Foreign Relations Committee
      ‘The Trinity’
    • Mahan
      • the strategist
      • granted political cover to
    • T. Roosevelt
      - war purified the American Spirit
21
Q

Governmental politics

A

Lodge provided the moral justification for war, Mahan the military doctrine and strategy and Roosevelt the bureaucratic momentum

22
Q

Spanish American War

Other takes

A
  • Media: War was good business

- Paradigmatic events: the USS Maine & politics not as usual

23
Q

Big-Stick Diplomacy

Problem

A

creation of a Pacific Empire

  • uncontrollable optimism, and new territory
    • US had an empire

Problem
No idea how to run an empire, and the Europeans had taken notice

24
Q

Big-Stick Diplomacy

A
  1. Annexation of the Philippines
    - open rebellion, led by Aguinaldo
    - a heavy toll for a naval base
  2. ‘Open door” policy and China
    - all states should have access to Chinese markets: a fair field and no favor
    - Slav & Saxon…unite against the advance of the Russian Mastadon
    - involvement in the Boxer rebellion, sending 5k troops to Asia in defense of open door
  3. Roosevelt Corollary
    - ‘big-stick’ diplomacy: use force to pry open world markets & compete with rivals
    - American was a ‘benevolent imperialist
25
Q

Market…democracy

A

Markets first, democracy second

26
Q

Roosevelt Corollary

Why was it necessary?

Problem

A

civil conflict “ultimately requires intervention and the adherence of the US to the Monroe Doctrine may force the US, however reluctantly to the exercise of an international police power

Necessary:

  1. rising German power in the Caribbean
  2. Expansion of national interest abroad
  3. a liberal interpretation of Monroe

Problem: promoted a cultural bias, and belief in “civilizing” other nations

27
Q

Unintended Consequences of Monroe Doctrine

A

The reinterpretation of the Monroe Doctrine destabilized international affairs

  • justified economic domination, and stoked revolution
  • Presidential power increased
    • the president becomes the chief architect of FP
  • dogmatic acceptance of the American war
    • self-determination, self-governance & free trade

PS 127 (3 decks)

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