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Psychology Final IBC > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory

A

Learning that has persisted over time - information that has been stored, and in many cases, can be recalled

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2
Q

Explicit memory

A

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare”

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3
Q

Implicit memory

A

Retention independent of conscious recollection

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4
Q

Episodic memory

A

Tied to certain episodes in your life

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5
Q

Procedural memory

A

How we remember to do things

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6
Q

Semantic memory

A

Facts and general knowledge that do not depend on recalling a particular time or situation

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7
Q

Priming

A

Exposure to one stimulus influences a response to a subsequent stimulus, without conscious guidance or intention

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8
Q

Encode

A

Get information into memory

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9
Q

Store

A

Retain over time

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10
Q

Retrieve

A

Get information out of storage

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11
Q

Iconic memory

A

Perfect visual memory

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12
Q

Echoing memory

A

Sensory memory of auditory stimuli

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13
Q

Recall

A

A measure of memory in which a person must retrieve information learned earlier

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14
Q

Recognize

A

A measure of memory in which the person need only indemnify items previously learned

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15
Q

Relearn

A

A measure of memory that accesses the amount of time saved when learning material again

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16
Q

Levels of encoding

A

Automatic processing-Automatically encoded.

Shallow processing-encoding information on basic auditory or visual levels, based on the sound, structure, or appearance of a word.

Deep processing-encoded semantically, based on actual meaning associated with the word.

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17
Q

Mnemonics

A

Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

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18
Q

Factors of nature vs. nurture

A

Nature- genetics

Nurture:

Parental chemical factors 
Postnatal chemical factors 
General experiential factors 
Individual experiential factors
Traumatic factors
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19
Q

Developmental psychology

A

The study of our physical, cognitive, social, and emotional changes throughout our whole lives- from prenatal to preteen to post-retirement

20
Q

Maturation

A

Biological growth process that enables orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.

21
Q

Jean Piaget

A

He theorized: Humans go through specific stages of cognitive development and intellectual progression.

His question: How does knowledge grow?

22
Q

Four stage theory of development

A

Sensorimotor stage: birth to 2

Pre-operational stage: 2-7

Concrete operational stage: 7-12

Formal operational stage: 12-life

23
Q

Universal primary emotions

A 
Anger
Sadness
Happiness
Disgust
Fear
Surprise
24
Q

Secondary emotions

A

Felt after the first emotion is processed- combination of emotions

25
Q

Self-conscious emotions

A 
Guilt
Shame
Embarrassment 
Pride
Envy
Jealousy
26
Q

Emotion

A

A mind and body’s integrated response to a stimulus of some kind

27
Q

Three components of emotion

A

Physiological arousal: automatic physical response

Expressive behavior: body posture, gesture, facial expression

Conscious experience: subjective feelings, interpretation, perception, memories

28
Q

Facial feedback hypothesis

A

Faces/bodies don’t just show our emotions, they can influence our emotions as well

29
Q

Stress

A

The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, or stressors, that we view as challenging or threatening.

30
Q

Stressors

A

Catastrophes, significant life changes, everyday inconveniences

31
Q

Why can stress and negative emotions be bad for our health

A

Lifestyle factors: don’t eat well and exercise when feeling sad or depressed

Social factors: isolating and refusing help

Biological factors: increase of inflammatory proteins released in response to stress and sadness

32
Q

Social psych

A

The scientific study of how we think about, influence and relate to one another

33
Q

Attribution

A

The process of explaining events, or inferring their causes

34
Q

Attribution theory

A

The theory that we can explain someone’s behavior by crediting either their stable, enduring traits-also known as their disposition-or the situation at hand

35
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

The tendency for observers when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and the overestimate the impact of personal disposition

36
Q

Actor-observer effect

A

The tendency to attribute our own behavior to external, situation causes - but of others to internal causes

37
Q

Self serving bias

A

The tendency to view positive outcomes as stemming form internal causes (our own effort and ability) but negative outcomes as stemming from external factors

38
Q

Conformity

A

Describes how we adjust our behavior or thinking to follow the behavior or rules of the group we belong to.

39
Q

Normative social influence

A

The idea that we comply in order to fuel our need to be liked or belong.

40
Q

Compliance

A

Changing a behavior in response to a direct request

41
Q

Obedience

A

Social influence by demand

42
Q

Social facilitation

A

Effects on performance stemming from the presence of others.

43
Q

Social loafing

A

The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when polling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.

44
Q

Deindividualization

A

The loss of self awareness and restraint that can occur in group situations

45
Q

Group polarization

A

The enhancement of a groups prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

46
Q

Bystander effect

A

The tendency to assume someone else will take the lead (go first) when in a group of people.

Psychology Final IBC (1 decks)

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