FINAL Flashcards
Memory
Learning that has persisted over time - information that has been stored, and in many cases, can be recalled
Explicit memory
Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare”
Implicit memory
Retention independent of conscious recollection
Episodic memory
Tied to certain episodes in your life
Procedural memory
How we remember to do things
Semantic memory
Facts and general knowledge that do not depend on recalling a particular time or situation
Priming
Exposure to one stimulus influences a response to a subsequent stimulus, without conscious guidance or intention
Encode
Get information into memory
Store
Retain over time
Retrieve
Get information out of storage
Iconic memory
Perfect visual memory
Echoing memory
Sensory memory of auditory stimuli
Recall
A measure of memory in which a person must retrieve information learned earlier
Recognize
A measure of memory in which the person need only indemnify items previously learned
Relearn
A measure of memory that accesses the amount of time saved when learning material again
Levels of encoding
Automatic processing-Automatically encoded.
Shallow processing-encoding information on basic auditory or visual levels, based on the sound, structure, or appearance of a word.
Deep processing-encoded semantically, based on actual meaning associated with the word.
Mnemonics
Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.
Factors of nature vs. nurture
Nature- genetics
Nurture:
Parental chemical factors Postnatal chemical factors General experiential factors Individual experiential factors Traumatic factors
Developmental psychology
The study of our physical, cognitive, social, and emotional changes throughout our whole lives- from prenatal to preteen to post-retirement
Maturation
Biological growth process that enables orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.
Jean Piaget
He theorized: Humans go through specific stages of cognitive development and intellectual progression.
His question: How does knowledge grow?
Four stage theory of development
Sensorimotor stage: birth to 2
Pre-operational stage: 2-7
Concrete operational stage: 7-12
Formal operational stage: 12-life
Universal primary emotions
Anger Sadness Happiness Disgust Fear Surprise
Secondary emotions
Felt after the first emotion is processed- combination of emotions
Self-conscious emotions
Guilt Shame Embarrassment Pride Envy Jealousy
Emotion
A mind and body’s integrated response to a stimulus of some kind
Three components of emotion
Physiological arousal: automatic physical response
Expressive behavior: body posture, gesture, facial expression
Conscious experience: subjective feelings, interpretation, perception, memories
Facial feedback hypothesis
Faces/bodies don’t just show our emotions, they can influence our emotions as well
Stress
The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, or stressors, that we view as challenging or threatening.
Stressors
Catastrophes, significant life changes, everyday inconveniences
Why can stress and negative emotions be bad for our health
Lifestyle factors: don’t eat well and exercise when feeling sad or depressed
Social factors: isolating and refusing help
Biological factors: increase of inflammatory proteins released in response to stress and sadness
Social psych
The scientific study of how we think about, influence and relate to one another
Attribution
The process of explaining events, or inferring their causes
Attribution theory
The theory that we can explain someone’s behavior by crediting either their stable, enduring traits-also known as their disposition-or the situation at hand
Fundamental attribution error
The tendency for observers when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and the overestimate the impact of personal disposition
Actor-observer effect
The tendency to attribute our own behavior to external, situation causes - but of others to internal causes
Self serving bias
The tendency to view positive outcomes as stemming form internal causes (our own effort and ability) but negative outcomes as stemming from external factors
Conformity
Describes how we adjust our behavior or thinking to follow the behavior or rules of the group we belong to.
Normative social influence
The idea that we comply in order to fuel our need to be liked or belong.
Compliance
Changing a behavior in response to a direct request
Obedience
Social influence by demand
Social facilitation
Effects on performance stemming from the presence of others.
Social loafing
The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when polling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.
Deindividualization
The loss of self awareness and restraint that can occur in group situations
Group polarization
The enhancement of a groups prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group
Bystander effect
The tendency to assume someone else will take the lead (go first) when in a group of people.
