FINAL Flashcards
Kant practical reason
Practical reason is of first importance, independent of inclinations
Kant moral action
Moral action—following the duty we all have based on moral law. Good intent doesn’t mean the action is moral. Things are done because they are right. This isn’t a natural inclination but a duty
Kant good will
Good will—good will is good in itself. Doesn’t mean to want to do good, but to do good because it is ones duty only
Kant on inclinations
To do a moral action/good will is to perform duty without it being your inclination. Practical reason guides these actions because it is independent of inclinations
Kant on action
Contrary to Duty—this is always wrong
Accord with duty but only immediate inclination- like paying taxes, you do It because you have to
Constant with duty and immediate inclination—doing something naturally and doing it because it is your duty, like feeding your hungry child
Consonant with duty but contrary to inclination—it is your duty but not natural tendency. Good will, autonomy, and moral
kant on transcedental subject
A person without particular interests or external motivations
Kant on republicanism
advocates for republicanism, rule of law, small gov size, and international law
Kant types of gov
autocracy, aristocracy, and democracy
3 elements of Kant political and moral theory
practical reason
dignity– capable of making own decisions
freedom– need freedom to be judgeed for moral rightness/wrongness
Kant heteronomous will
will with qualification
Kant autonomous will
duty with personal inclination
Hegel geist
mind/spirit, developed through history
Hegel reason
sum total of reality
Hegel freedom
one person is free– eastern world
few are free– athens/rome
all are free– christianity
Hegel history
spirit in time, story of progress
Diacletic
conflict/contradiction. Affirmation, negation, negation of negation
Hegel the state
Universal spirit is embodied in the state. It is the divine will. Emobides the ethical idea of freedom. States purpose is freedom. The state is the actuality of ethical life and realization of freedom. The state is absolutely rational
hegel family
Family—basic organization of humans, natural and spontaneous, determined(no choice), develop sense of belonging, representative of particular altruism, provides morality
hegel civil society
Civil society—where you become an individual(but lose sense of belonging), struggle for recognition takes place, universal egoism(individuality put first).Because of conflict in civil society we need laws
Marx dialectic
Adopts diacletic form. Affirmation is bourgeoisie, negation is proletariat, communism is synthesis. Keeps form but changes content(material production). Rejects spirit
Marx materialism
Ideal is nothing but material world reflected by mind. Sees material as real. Realm of material—production and exchange.
Marx class struggle
Conflict and struggle over production. History is history of class struggle. Bourgeoisie is revolutionary because they dissolved social and political organizations related with feudalism. Was antithesis but is now affirmation. They are the opressors. Proletariats are products of bourgeoisie. Negation and affirmation are in conflict. Resolved by revolution led by proletariats that will lead to communism. Once classes are erased here is no oppression. Communism completely abolishes private property, so there is no need for the government.
Marx alientaion
4 kinds that characterize capitalist society—alienation from products of our labor, alienation from the process of labor(labor as an essential human activity), alienation from our species(being), alienation from other humans(class struggle). Communism is opposite of alienation.
Marx types of communism
crude—negates personality of man, the problems of capitalism are not solved. Role of worker not abolished, but extended, private property not abolished
authentic—abolishes all problems of capitalism, return to social state
utilitarianism
Greatest happiness for greatest amount of people
quality of pleasure
SIZE DOES MATTER. (quality doesn’t)
2 sovereign masters bentham
Quality of activity doesn matter, just the amount of pleasure they brin to the person
mill proportional
Proportional representation is best because it allows for the minority voice to be expressed
mill democracy of excellence
Have proportional representation, plurality of votes(votes of intelligent count more), and reason must guide power
mill on state
Gov should have minimal role. 3 reasons why—individuals can do most things better than the government, even if the government can do something better individuals should still do it so they don’t become dependent, and the more power that’s given to the government, the worse it is
mill suffrage
Suffrage should be universal but weighted(for people who study politics, have education, or contribute to society)
mill tyranny
Tyranny of the magistrate(gov)—dictator/oligarchy
Tyranny of the majority—majority will always oppress minority, exists in every society
Tyranny of society—society itself, social tyranny is more formidable than political oppression(fewer means of escape), how society undermines our individuality
rawls and higher social contarct
rawls aims at creating a conception of justice that highers te abstraction of the social contract theories presented by Locke, Rousseau, and Kant. Principles of justice that free and rational persons with a defree of slef interest would agree to a position of equality with one another.
social and natural goods rawls
Social goods—liberty, rights, opportunity, wealth and politics
Natural goods—inherent characteristics, other thing sthat can not be made equal
rawls justice
Justice=fairness. Political conception of justice—a moral conception generated from the fundamental ideas implicit in that societys public political culture(justice is the result of the morals of a particular society). All social goods are to be distributed equally, unless an unequal distribution would be to everyones advantage. Since citizens are fundamentally equal, reasoning about justice should begin from a presumption that all cooperatively produced goods should be equally divided
rawls original and veil
he original position is equality, rational actor not influenced by self interest. Original position asks the question—what are fair terms of social cooperation for free and equal citizens Veil of Ignorance—a hypothetical in which one is unaware of the characteristics of self such as race, gender, etc. By doing this one can objectively look at what is fair and equal without bias
rawls 2 principles of justice
qual rights and liberty for all. Difference principle—social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they maximize the minimum(benefit the least advantaged and equal opportunity for all, doesn’t mean that it is distributed evenly)
2 priority rules
Priority of Liberty—ability to hold office, freedom of speech, right to vote, own property, political liberty, restriction of liberty is only justified in order to promote more liberty, liberty is prior to equality
Priority of justice over efficiency and welfare—maximizing the sum of advantages
pope leo reason
reason sees good, only will can choose it
pope leo natural law
engrained in all men, is reason
pope john economy
gov must ensure progress, but not slow personal initiative
pope john on aid
social welfare for poor is needed, must give aid to developing nations
pope johnon man without god
man without god is inhuman
plato on the good
The Good is the form of the soul and the cardinal virtues comes in existence from it. Is seen I the allegor of the cave through the sun, highest level of understanding.
plato on law
Law is the product of reason and is identified with nature
Callicles vs Socrates
one argues that justice is the advantage of the stronger and that man has large apetites. Doing injustice is better than suffering for it. other responds by saying that it is better to suffer injustice than to commit it because one who doesn’t exercise moderation of pleasure is never satisfied
Socrates in apology
Argues he is the gadfly who stings the lazy horse of the city awake. Sentened to death but accepts it because only the gods know what happens after death. Claims city is more harmed by silencing critics than listening
socrates in gorgias
one claims rhetoric(persuasion) concerns itself with right and wrong, thus it’s a form of justice. other says it is flattery and that the ignorant is more convicning among the ignorant crowd.
plato typology of regimes– monarchy and aristocracy
ruled by rational, virtue of wisdom, pursuit of justice
plato typology of regimes– timocracy
ruled by spirited, virtue of courage, pursuit of honor an victory
plato typology of regimes– oligarchy
rule by appetitive, virtue of thrift, purusuit of wealth
plato typology of regimes– democracy
rule by appetitive, virtue of temperance/intemperance, purusit of liberty
platos 4 reforms
guardians cant have private property
guardians cant have private families
women can share power
philosophers must rule
stoic nature
Universe has a rational order to it. Things are ordered in the cosmos and everything is one.are dispassionate menaing they do not attach(apatheia). Most things are up to fate
stoic natural law
Point to existence of a rational and purposeful order to the universe. Natural law is the means by which a rational being lives in accordance with this cosmic order
stoic type of laws
Jus natural(natural law is right reason), jus gentium(law of nations which are shared in common with other cultures), and jus civile(civil law)
stoic most important virtue
Duty is the most important virtue. An active life is the most important life
polybius best regime
best regime was the mixed constitutionl from Rome
cicero law and commonwealh
Commonwealth are things share. Justice is found in laws. Political community is a partnership/fellowship of citizens and friends working together under the law and toward the community(juris societas
cicero laws of moral goodness(and plato counterpoints)
Contemplate truth(version of wisdom), pursue dignity(version of courage), have restraint(temperance), and despise falsehood/wickedness(justice)
civitate dei
amor dei(love of God), love God to contempt of self(push down our selfishness), fruit of caritas(charity/love), imago dei(we are made in image of God, goodness is our inner nature), made by the true god, princes rule by serving another. Makes use of peace until mortal condition passes away, calls citizens out of all nations, characterized by belief and obedience. True justice exists only in here
civitate terren
amor sui(love of oneself), fruit of cupiditas(greed and other vices), made from men and false gods, princes rule by love of ruling, not everlasting, divided by wars, desires earthly peace to enjoy earthly goods through war. Want to obtain things helpful to the earthly life, manifestation of pride, sin, and lust. Justice only exists relative to other
Thomas aquinas on law
Human law(enforced by state), eternal law(God’s law, universal), natural law(comes from eternal law, can know it because it is right reason, provides moral foundation for human laws, discerned through reason and habit of intellect), divine law(compatible with natural law, comes to us through revealation, has to do with faith).
augustine and aquinas criteria for just law
must be in accord with natural and divine law, must be ordained to common good, can’t exceed legitimate authority of legislators, and burdens imposed must be share equally by all
aquinas on best regime
monarchy(clear where authority lies, ideal because God is King. And mixed constitutional(aristocracy, monarchy, and democracy)
aquinas property
not distributed equally, but this is the best way to ensure care because if everything was shared equally people wouldn’t care).
aquinas criteria for war
legitimate authority, just cause, and have right intent
aquinas tyranny
are the rebels who commit injustice, so it is okay to overthrow
Mariana
prince more bound to laws, authroity of commonwealth>1 man
suarez
pope can coerce and punish leaders, people are subject only to the creator
Bellarmine
apostolic authroity is only indirect
Hotman
kingdom>king, welfare of people sovereign
harrington
law of empires, not men, argraiarian law introduced by god
bodin
sovereign is absolute, must create laws in accordance with divine
hobbes state of nature
war of all against all. Occurs because of our insatiable appetites and limited resources, pursuit of felicity, constant fear, uncertainty, and enmity(hostile nature)
hobbes human nature
Natural for us to want to be valued and believe we are superior in wisdom. We love dominion over other people and liberty/equality. We all want/need power. Make decisions based on appetites, motion, and reason
hobbes equality
Equal by nature which adds to uncertainty. The weak has enough power to kill the stronger. All equal in terms of vulnerability and mortality.
hobbes liberty
Human liberty is the freedom of bodily action that is not limited by any moral or legal notions. Liberty is doing whatever is necessary out of self preservation. Absence of external impediment
hobbes jus naturale
liberty that man has to preserve his nature
hobbes lex naturale
general rule found out by reasoning, avoiding what endangers self preservation, seek peace
hobbes rights retained
life, liberty(in part)
hobbes rights renounced
right to everything and liberty(in part)
hobbes rights granted
property given by sovereign
locke natural liberty
have natural liberty, but not state of license, confined through laws
locke equality
no one has more power than another(have a foundation and obligation to moral love). We have duties of justice and charity to each other
locke human nature
We are naturally inclined to seek communion and fellowship towards each other because we are social by nature. We are not naturally political but politics are necessary. We are by nature free and self interested
locke state of nature
Fear and continual danger is part of our nature BUT it is not a war of all against all. Men living by reason with no sovereign
locke social contract
All government relies on consent. Transfer the government their right of executing the law of nature and judging their own case. Formed in order for the sovereign to preserve and enforce the laws of nature. The purpose of government is to protect the natural rights of man. Conditional because bad government is worse than the state of nature.
hobbes social contratc
sovereign is a savior. We must do everything in our power to escape state of nature
locke law of nature
sovereign and people are limited by the moral law of nature(right reason), natural rights are not absolute(instrinsic but limited rights), injustice in the state of nature
locke rights retained
life, liberty, and proerty
locke rights transferred
judge and execute law of nature
locke granted by sovereign
none, all rights are natural
rousseau human nature
Man is born free and everywhere is in chains. We are free, not political, and independence
rousseau state of nature
equal, self interested, isolated(because we are self interested we don’t need to talk to others so we are isolated), indifferent to others, governed by own reason without a common power. No leaking jar in state of nature(our appetites are finite/limited, opposite of Hobbes). No war. Compassion is instinctual.There are 2 principles prior to reason—self preservation(root to right to life) and natural repugnance to the suffering of others.
rousseau reason and passion
the activity of passions leads to the perfection of our reason. Reason needs passion or otherwise it is indifferent to the needs of others.
rousseau social contract
The subjects as individuals=the sovereign(as a collective). The subjects as a collective commissions the government in order to exercise executive power over the subjects as individuals. Social contract transforms the bonds of society into community bonds(our second nature)
montesquieu liberty
Liberty is more than just independence because it is defined by civil and natural laws(protect us from harm while leaving us free to do as much as possible Law is human reason
montesquieu republics
2 types– aristocratic(moderation) and democracy(virtue in general)
