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IA II > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is the infectivity of dimorphic fungi

A

Microconidia produced by mycelial form in the soil.

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2
Q

Primary forms of blastmycosis

A

Pulmonary, ocular, bone, skin, urogenital.

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3
Q

Which agents have a capsule

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

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4
Q

Which agents exist in the GI tract

A

Cryptococcus neoformans in birds.
aspergillosis in calves, foals, cats.
Histoplasmosis
Pythium

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5
Q

What does Histo look like in situ

A

Characteristic tuberculated macroconidia. only one to grow intracellularly

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6
Q

Geographic areas of fungi

A

Blasto - MS and Ohio river basins.
Histo - worldwide.
Coccidio - Southwest US
Sporo - worldwide but common in tropics

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7
Q

Defining feature of Zygomycota

A

coenocytic hyphae

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8
Q

Diseases of Zygomycetes

A

mycotic ruminitis
Mycotic placentitis
Subcutaneous granulomas

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9
Q

Which are sensitive to cycloheximide

A

Zygomycetes
Cryptoccus
Dermatophytes

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10
Q

Disease of Dermatophytes

A

Skin lesions. Inflammatory response

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11
Q

Disease of Crypto

A

Eye involvement common (especially in cats)

ii. Produces mastitis in cattle.
iii. Ulcerative lesions of the nose, mouth sinuses, and pharynx are common.
iv. Usually localizes in the CNS

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12
Q

Disease of Candidas

A

i. In birds – lesions involve the mouth, crop, proventriculus, and gizzard consisting of white circular paths or white elongated areas along the folds of the mucosa.
ii. In cattle – dyspnea, pneumonia, nasal discharge, diarrhea, wasting. Mastitis, abortion, and ruminitis can occur.
iii. Piglets – pseudomembrane on the tongue, esophagus, and stomach causing vomiting and rapid wasting.
iv. In dogs and cats – skin issues, ear infection, pyodermas.

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13
Q

Disease of Mallasseia pachydermitis

A

i. Only species to form part of the normal human and animal cutaneous commensal flora.
ii. Several cutaneous diseases, systemic disease in suitably predisposed humans, and dermatitis in a wide range of animals.
iii. Chronic otitis externa and pododermatitis of dogs.

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14
Q

Disease of Aspergillosis

A

i. Avian – diffuse infection of air sacs. Diffuse pneumonic form. Nodular pneumonic form known as brooder pneumonia
ii. Cattle – uterine, placental, or fetal skin infections may result in abortion. Mastitis can occur
iii. Equine – abortions and guttural pouch infections. Eye infections are serious.
iv. Dogs – nasal aspergillosis. Osteomyelitis is a common finding.
v. Penguins – pneumonia when housed inadequately
vi. Intestinal aspergillosis can occur in calves, foals, and cats.

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15
Q

Disease of zygomycetes - Mucorales

A

i. Mycotic ruminitis in calves caused by Absidia, Rhizopus, Mucor, or Rhizomucor.
ii. Mycotic placentitis in cow caused by Mucor and Mortierella.
iii. Subcutaneous granulomas in dogs by Absidia, Cunninghamella, Syncephalastrum spp.

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16
Q

Disease of Zygomycetes - Entomophthales

A

i. Conidiobolus coronatus infest mucocutaneous sites to produce sinusitis, nasopharyngitis or upper respiratory disease in horses.
ii. Basidiobolus ranarum infections occur as subcutaneous mycosis of the trunk and extremities in cattle and horses.

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17
Q

disease of blasto

A

i. Pulmonary form
1. Chronic respiratory issues
2. Weight loss
3. Fever
4. Cough and dyspnea
5. Ocular problems
6. Lameness
7. Lymphadenopathy
8. May look like a “snow storm” in lungs radiographically
ii. Ocular form
1. Uveitis
2. Panophthalmitis
3. Glaucoma
4. Acute retinal detachment
iii. Skin lesions
1. Usually found with pulmonary form
2. Granulomatous nodules and draining tracts
3. Pyogranulomatous response.
4. Greasy exudate and matter hair around an area of ulcerated skin.
iv. Bone
1. Lameness
2. Invades osseous tissues
3. Concurrent lymphadenopathy
4. Rads – osteolytic lesions at ends of long bones.
v. Genitourinary
1. Prostatitis
2. Hematuria, pyuria.

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18
Q

Disease of Histo

A

i. Respiratory or GI sings
ii. Cough and/or chronic diarrhea – may be bloody with mucus
iii. Weight loss, anorexia, fever, anemia
iv. Peripheral lymphadenopathy
v. Hepatomegaly and splenomegaly common with intestinal form
vi. Rads: “snowstorm”. Tracheobronchial lymphadenopathy, pulmonary granulomas often calcified.
vii. Eye, skin, oral and osteolytic bone lesions with lameness are uncommon

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19
Q

Disease of Coccidio

A

i. Emaciation with muscle atrophy, debilitation
ii. Painful bones, joints
iii. Lameness
iv. Anorexia
v. Fever
vi. Dyspnea and cough
vii. Vomiting
viii. Diarrhea
ix. Lethargy
x. Skin infection

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20
Q

Disease of Sporotrichosis

A

i. Lesions are confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue as nodules or granulomas which may spread along lymphatics and often ulcerate and drain
ii. Systemic dissemination is rare but may spread to bones or internal organs and pulmonary disease is rare.

21
Q

Disease of Pythium

A
  1. Vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia.
  2. A firm abdominal mass is easily palpated
  3. Thickened stomach wall
  4. In horses, the lesions are granulomatous, fistulated and/or ulcerated
22
Q

Which tissues is invaded with dermatophytes and how far down into the hair follicle does it go?

A

Only non-viable keratinous tissue in invaded.
c. They grow down to Adamson’s fringe, a zone just above the area of keratin synthesis based on association of the dermal papillae with the hair bulb.

23
Q

Define hyphae

A

multicellular structures with a thick cell wall

24
Q

define mycelium

A

a mass of hypahe

25
Q

define dimorphic

A

a fungus which exists only as a yeast cell or only as a hyphae under all conditions and as hyphae depending upon temperature or other external factors.

26
Q

Define conidia

A

cells that are the product of asexual multiplication

27
Q

What agent is associated with nasopharyngitis in horses

A

a. Zygomycete – Conidiobolus coronatus infects mucocutaneous site to produce nasopharyngitis in horses.

28
Q

What is the infectious agent of Pythium?

A

Motile biflagellated spores

29
Q

What does pythium do in the host.

A

a. The spores are ingested by drinking contaminated water.
b. Spores come into contact with the mucosa of the GI tract and may attach to damaged tissue or pass directly through the mucosa and invade the lymphatics.
c. Alternatively, superficial injury may allow zoospore attachment and invasion of soft tissues and germination.
d. Once it germinates and starts to grow, it invades the tissue causing granulomatous inflammation

30
Q

What causes brooder pneumonia of chickens

A

Aspergillosis fumigatus

31
Q

Mechanism of action of Terbinafine

A

i. Inhibits ergosterol biosynthesis via inhibition of squalene epoxidase.

32
Q

Mechanism of action of Flucytosine

A

i. Inhibits fungal protein synthesis by replacing uracil with 5-flurouracil in fungal RNA.
ii. Inhibits thymidylate synthetase via 5-fluorodeoxy-uridine monophosphate and interferes with DNA synthesis.

33
Q

Mechanism of action of fluconazole

A

i. Inhibition of cytochrome P450. Stops creation of ergosterol

34
Q

mechanism of action of itraconazole

A

i. Inhibition of cytochrome P450. Stops creation of ergosterol

35
Q

mechanism of action of ketaconizole

A

i. Inhibition of cytochrome P450. Stops creation of ergosterol

36
Q

mechanism of action of Caspofungin

A

i. Blocks synthesis of a major fungal cell wall component, 1-3-beta-D-glucan.

37
Q

mechanism of action of Micafungin

A

i. Blocks synthesis of a major fungal cell wall component, 1-3-beta-D-glucan.

38
Q

mechanism of action of Anidulafungin

A

i. Blocks synthesis of a major fungal cell wall component, 1-3-beta-D-glucan.

39
Q

Mechanism of action of AMphotericin B.

A

i. Binds to sterols (mainly ergosterol) and dirsputs osmotic integrity of the fungal membrane. This results in leakage of intracellular K, Mg, sugars, and metabolisms and eventually cell death.

40
Q

Griseofulvin

A

i. Inhibits fungal mitosis by disrupting the mitotic spindle through interaction with polymerized microtubules.

41
Q

What is the difference between Pythium and fungi

A

a. Pythium is an oomycete. More closely related to algae.

b. Cell membranes do not contain ergosterol

42
Q

What fungi infects piglets??

A

Candida. causes pseudomembranes on the tongue, esophagus, and stomach causing vomiting and rapid wasting in piglets.

43
Q

Examples of Allylamines

A

Terbinafine

44
Q

Example of Antimetabolies

A

Flucytosine

45
Q

Examples of azoles

A

fluconazole
itraconazole
ketaconizole

46
Q

examples of glucan synthesis inhibitors

A

Caspofungin
micafungin
anidulafungin

47
Q

example of polyenes

A

amphotericin B

48
Q

Miscellaneous antifungal

A

Griseofulvin

IA II (1 decks)

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