Final Flashcards
1
Q
commercialized, mechanized agriculture
A
agribusiness
2
Q
a major source of pollution
A
agribusiness
3
Q
spread of modernized agriculture
A
green revolution
4
Q
increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
A
greenhouse effect
5
Q
produced by burning fossil fuels, etc
A
greenhouse effect
6
Q
traps heat and prevents it from radiating back into space
A
greenhouse effect
7
Q
another major concern regarding consequences of globalization is ____
A
loss of biodiversity
8
Q
the genetic and biological variation within and among different species of plants and animals
A
biodiversity
9
Q
use of date from research in anthropology to other practical solutions to problems faced by society
A
applied anthropology
10
Q
anthropologists and archaeologists (are/are not) restricted to the academic setting
A
are not
11
Q
represents the intersection of cultural and physical anthropology
A
medical anthropology
12
Q
study disease, medicine, curing, and mental illness in a cross-cultural perspective
A
medical anthropology
13
Q
many focus on ____, which examines the spread and distribution of diseases and how they are influenced by cultural patterns
A
epidemiology
14
Q
may be able to determine whether coronary disease or cancer is related to a particular or social dietary habits, such as consumption of foods high in sodium or saturated
A
epidemiology
15
Q
also study cultural perceptions of illness and treatment
A
epidemiology
16
Q
- in the past most archaeologists found work in universities and museums…
- many are now employed as applied archaeologists, evaluating, salvaging, and protecting archaeological resources that are threatened with destruction
- conduct surveys before construction begins to determine if any sites will be affected
- federal and state governments have archaeologists who discover, record, protect, and interpret archaeological resources on their lands
A
cultural resource management
17
Q
protects sites on federal land
A
antiques act of 1906
18
Q
provided authority for designating national historic landmarks and for archaeological survey before destruction by development program
A
historic sites act of 1935
19
Q
stregthens protection of sites via nation register of historic places and integrates state and local agencies into national program for site preservation
A
nation historic preservation act of 1966 (amended 1976 and 1980)
20
Q
requires all federal agencies to specify impacts of development on cultural resources
A
national environmental policy act of 1969
21
Q
provides criminal and civil penalties for looting or damaging sites on public and Native American lands
A
archaeological resources protection act of 1979
22
Q
authorizes US participation in 1970 UNESCO convention to prevent illegal international trade in cultural property
A
convention on cultural property of 1982
23
Q
provides sanctions against US import or export of illicit antiquities
A
cultural property act of 1983
24
Q
United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
A
UNESCO
25
aides in protecting and preserving important cultural resources worldwide
UNESCO
26
____ is being reconsidered
- in the past, underlying views of western cultural superiority showcased other cultures
- at the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair, Pygmies from Central Africa were given machetes to show how they would behead one another (although this was ot a part of their culture)
- Igorot tribesmen from Philippines were given a dog to cook and eat each day in front of the audience to display how "uncivilized" they were
cultural relativism
27
the idea that we cannot impose the values of one society on other societies
ethical relativism
28
a subordinate group whose members have significantly less control or power over their own lives than do the members of a dominant or majority group
minority group
29
members of minority groups experience a _____
narrowing of life's opportunities for success, education, wealth, the pursuit of happiness, etc
30
a minority group has five characteristics:
unequal treatment, distinguished physical or cultural traits, involuntary membership, awareness of subordination, and in-group marriage
31
a term reserved for minorities and the corresponding majorities that are socially set apart because of obvious physical differences
racial group
32
groups set apart from others because of their national origin or distinctive cultural patterns
ethnic groups
33
___ are differentiated from the dominant group on the basis of cultural differences, such as language, attitudes toward marriage and parenting, and food habits
ethnic groups
34
- association with a religion other than the dominant faith is the third basis for minority group status
- protestants outnumber members of all other religions. roman catholics form the largest minority religion. for people who are not a part of the christian tradition, such as followers of Islam, allegiance to the faith is often misunderstood and stigmatizes people
religious groups
35
- males are the social majority
| - women often encounter prejudice and discrimination
gender groups
36
___ is a social construct which benefits the oppressor who defines who is privileged and who is not
race
37
belief that certain groups or races are inherently superior to others
racism
38
a sociohistorical process by which racial categories are created, inhibitied, transformed, and destroyed
racial formation
39
native americans and the creation of reservations in the late 1800s is an example of this
racial formation
40
the systematic study of social behavior and human groups. it is aptly suited to enlarge our understanding of intergroup relations
sociology
41
the structure ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal rewards and power in a society
stratification
42
social ranking
class
43
emphasizes how parts of society are structured to maintain its stability
functionalist perspective
44
in cases of facial mixture, offspring are classified in the race of the parent with the lower social status
- common in US
- because black americans were considered to be a lower race, a person is considered black if he or she has a black ancestor anywhere in the family tree
- this is known as ___, based on myth that one drop of black blood is sufficient to determine racial "blackness"
hypodescent concept; one drop rule
45
another racial categories were developed to go along with one drop rule: half black and half white
mulatto
46
another racial categories were developed to go along with one drop rule: one-fourth black and three-fourths white
quadroon
47
another racial categories were developed to go along with one drop rule: one-eighth black and seven-eighths white
octoroon
48
until the ___ in Louisiana it was illegal for a doctor to give a blood transfusion from a black person to a white person
1950s
49
5 functions that racial beliefs have for the dominant group:
1. ) provides a moral justification for maintaining a society that routinely deprives a group of its rights and privileges
2. ) racit beliefs discourage subordinate people from attempting to question their lowly status; to do so is to question the very foundation of the society
3. ) society must invest a good deal of time and money to defend the barriers that prevent the full participation of all members
4. ) racist myths encourage support of the existing order
5. ) racist beliefs relieve the dominant group of the responsibility to address the economic and educational problems faced by subordinate groups
50
___ are elements of society that may disrupt a social system or decrease its stability
dysfunctions
51
6 ways in which racism is dysfunctional to a society, including its dominant group:
1. ) a society that practices discrimination fails to use the resources of all individuals. discrimination limits the search for talent and leadership to the dominant group
2. ) discrimination aggravates social problems such as poverty, delinquency, and crime and places the financial burden of alleviating these problems on the dominant group
3. ) society must invest a good deal of time and money to defend the barriers that prevent the full participation of all members
4. ) racial prejudice and discrimination undercut goodwill and friendly diplomatic relations between nations. they also negatively affect effortd to increase global trade
5. ) social change is inhibited because change may assist a subordinate group
6. ) discrimination promotes disrespect for law enforcement and for the peacefull settlements of disputes
52
assumes that the social structure is best understood in terms of conflict or tension between competing groups. society is viewed as a continuous struggle between privileged and the exploited
conflict perspective
53
unreliable generalizations about all members of a group that do not take individual differences into account
stereotyping
54
an attempt to explain why certain people are viewed as deviant and others engaging in the same behavior are not
labelling theory
55
when someone who is negatively stereotyped and begins to display the traits that are attributed to them
self fulfilling prophecy
56
any transfer population
migration
57
leaving a country to settle another
emigration
58
coming into a new country
immigration
59
the maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural dominance over people by a foreign power for an extended period
colonialism
60
the deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation
genocide
61
attempt to eliminate a particular ethic group
ethnic cleaning
62
dominant group may choseto force a specific subordinate group to leave certain areas to vacate the country
expulsion
63
a group ceases to be a subordinate group when it secedes to form a new nation or moves to an already established nation
secession
64
the physical separation of two groups when it secedes to form a new nation or moves to an already established nation
segregation
65
occurs when a minority and a majority group combine to form a new group
fusion
66
the process by which a dominant group and a subordinate group combine through intermarriage inot a new people
amalgamation
67
term commonly used to indicate diverse racial and ethnic groups combining to form a new cultural entity
melting pot
68
the process by which a subordinate individual or group takes on the characteristics of the dominant group and is eventually accepted as part of that group
assimilation
69
implies that various groups in a society have mutual respect for one another's culture, a respect that allows minorities to express their own culture without suffering prejudice or hostility
pluralism
70
the development of solidarity between ethnic subgroups
panethnicity
71
status of being between two cultures
marginality
72
distinguishes one ethnic group from another
ethnic boundary markers
73
refers to the origins of an ethnic group
ethnogenesis
74
reconstruction ended and segregation became prominent
jim crow
75
the term, ___, appears to have its origin in a dance tune, but by 1890s it was synonymous with segregation and referred to the statues that kept african americans in an inferior position
jim crow
76
white anglo saxon protestants
WASP
77
refers to an ethnic group with a particular cultural and institutional complex that dominated US society for generations
WASP
78
species composed of local populations that diff from one another with regard to the expression of one or more traits
polytypic
79
people possessing particular combinations of skin color, face shape, nose shape, hair color, hair form, eye color, etc. and other traits placed into categories associated with specific geographic locations
race
80
as early as 1350BC, the ancient egyptians had classified humans on the basis of ___
skin color
81
the school of thought in which all humans were descended from a single pair
monogenism
82
argued that all populations did not descend from a single pair
polygenism
83
skin color is influenced by three substances:
hemoglobin, carotene, and melanin
84
concerns the relationship of body mass or volume to surface area
bergmann's rule
85
among mammal's body size tends to be greater in populations that live in colder climates. this is because as mass increases, the relative amount of surface area decreases proportionately. because heat is lost at the surface, it follows that increased mass allows for greater heat retention and reduced heat loss
Bergmann's Rule
86
concerns shape of body, especially appendages
allen's rule
87
in colder climates, shorter appendages, with increased mass-to-surface ratios, are adaptive because they are more effective at preventing heat loss. conversely, longer appendages, with increased surface area relative to mass, are more adaptive in warmer climates because they promote heat loss
Allen's Rule
88
human physiological response to cold is to ___
increase heat production and enhance heat retention
89
a short-term response to cold that restricts heat loss and conserves energy
vasoconstriction
90
at altitudes above 15k feet, humans are more susceptible to ___
hypoxia
91
people living at higher altitudes generally have:
increased lung capacity, respiration rate, heart rate, and production of red blood cells
92
a system in which government regulates the economy of a state to ensure economic growth, a positive balance of trade, and the accumulation of wealth, usually gold or silver
mercantilism
93
a blending of religious beliefs
religious syncretism
94
a politcal, legal, and social system developed in South Africa in which the rights of different population groups were based on racial criteria
apartheid
95
area of common culture along the border between Mexico and the United States
borderlands
96
foreign owned companies that establish operations in Mexico that are exempt from Mexican taxes and not required to provide insurance or benefits for workers. Pay is considered good by Mexican standards at $1.60 to $2.20 at hour
Maquiladoras
97
money earned and send across the border to the worker's family members remaining in their native country
remittances/migradollars
