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ANTH 411 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

According to H&A what are the two major styles of ethnographic writing?

A
  • thematic and chronological
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2
Q

Emic thematic writing

A
  • organizing work by theme

- example eating disorders on web (Hammersely & Treseder’s)

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3
Q

Etic thematic writing

A
  • focus on key analytic issues (use them as headings)
  • helps link work with the broader field of literature
  • ex: Strong’s work on clinical encounters
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4
Q

Blended thematic writing

A
  • using both emic and Eric categories to arrange text
  • Ex: Agar’s work on heroin users; used emic categories to build etic types: events in progress (etic), coping, getting off, the busy, the rip- off (emic)
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5
Q

Chronological writing

A
  • organize sections according to a particular chronology or trajectory
  • H&A say approach particularly appropriate studies focused on careers, key processes, and developmental cycles
  • text and subject have the same trajectory
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6
Q

Types and instances

A
  • ethnographic writing moves from the case to the type: use vignettes to depict a larger social- cultural reality
  • types are theoretical ideals, cases are actual occurrences
  • we move from the concrete case to the abstract type in our writing
  • writing reflects data collected and analysis (grounded theorizing and analytic indiction)
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7
Q

Ethnography and rhetoric

A
  • we draw on a # of accepted rhetorical devices to write ethnography
  • certain figures of speech (tropes$ to plausibly reconstruct social actors, actions, and settings
  • ex: ethos, pathos, logos or credibility, emotion logic, or trust, imagination, consistency
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8
Q

Metaphor

A
  • all that is is metaphor
  • use metaphors judiciously
  • test metaphors against data: does it help organization
  • metaphor reveals something and conceals something about subject at same time
  • master of trips
  • Noblit and Hare: way to evaluate metaphors
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9
Q

Noblit and Hare: ways to evaluate metaphors

A

Economy, cogency, range

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10
Q

Economy

A
  • simplicity with which the concept summarizes
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11
Q

Cogency

A

Efficient of the metaphor without redundancy, ambiguity, and contradiction

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12
Q

Range

A
  • capacity of metaphor to draw together diverse domains
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13
Q

Classic metaphors:

A
  • organic analogy
  • systems approach
  • structures that function
  • webs of significance
  • actor network theory
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14
Q

Organic analogy

A
  • comparison to human body
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15
Q

Systems approach

A
  • stresses interactive nature and interdependence of external and internal factors in an organization
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16
Q

Structures that function

A

?

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17
Q

Wens of significance

A
  • an individual is bound up in series of symbolic or mythic representations which serve to generate and maintain meaning
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18
Q

Actor network theory

A
  • everything that exists in the social and natural worlds exist in constantly shifting networks of relationship
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19
Q

Synecdoche

A
  • a form of representation where the part stands in for the whole
  • in ethnographic writing our data are synecdoche of the larger subject
  • we select particular features and instances and treat them as characterizing or representing persons, places, and settings
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20
Q

Meta- narrative

A
  • collect respondents narratives and merge them together

- take their stories and make them into characters in typical social situations

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21
Q

Narrative mode

A
  • appropriate for ethnographic inquiry
  • furnishes meaning and reason to reported events through contextual and procedural representations
  • because we are starting other people’s narratives we should become familiar with genres of storytelling
22
Q

Irony

A

ethnographic writing is intrinsically ironic

  • we compare and contrast different cultures and world views
  • we deal with the familiar and the strange
  • use our subjects as a foil for established knowledge
  • produce cases that contradict the general rule: hypothesis testing which is positivistic (more concerned with explaining and predicting things than about understanding things)
23
Q

Topos

A

Topoi= “commonplace” in classic rhetoric

  • we try to get the reader to agree with us by referring to a widely shared opinion or well known instance (or citing certain papers)
  • reference established common ground for our arguments: endorsement of conventional wisdom
  • helps situation work on the theoretical comparative, and generic landscape (connect our study with larger issues)
24
Q

Audiences

A
  • considering audience is paramount
  • write for a variety of audiences (academic, general public, finding agencies, students, teachers)
  • different audiences have different ways of reading and evaluating texts
  • we have to pay attention to social context when we collect and analyze our data, and when we write our ethnography
25
Q

H&A 3 types of styles

A
  • realist
  • confessionalist
  • inpressionalist
26
Q

Realist

A
  • the ethnographic account is relatively impersonal and authoritative
27
Q

Confessionalist

A
  • a personal, “how I really did the research” sort of account
28
Q

Impressionalist tale

A
  • ethnographer employs more overt literary decides in evocation of scenes and actions
29
Q

The ‘crisis of representation’

A
  • Mid 1980s - associated with a text called Writing Culture
  • ethnographic writing privileges a particular vantage or perspective
  • a single authorial voice: the privileged anthropological gaze
  • led to a radical reappraisal of ethnography by some researchers
30
Q

1983 Boon

A
  • early critiques of ethnographic writing: ethnography reduces cultural diversity by treating all cultures with standardized methods (including writing style)
31
Q

Mannen 1988

A
  • critiques ethnographic writing
  • realist, sociological ethnography silences the voices of “others”
  • ethnographer only draw on respondents accounts as a means of strengthening their own arguments
  • we reproduce the authority of the observer as a dominating form of surveillance and reportage
32
Q

The crisis of the crisis

A
  • got the advocacy of more open and messy texts: move away from single authorial voices, combine writing styles, shift viewpoint
  • ironically the single authorial voice is less imposing than the response
  • the postmodern turn requires a degree of authorial involvement than hinges on self absorption
33
Q

Autoethnography

A
  • focuses on the voice of the individual author: author is both the subject and the object of inquiry
  • H&A advocate analytic autoethnography
34
Q

Analytic autoethnography

A
  • texts explore personal experience with the goal of shedding light on social action and organization
  • self reflection as a means of analytic insights
35
Q

Ethnographies in the digital age

A
  • lets us combine data traditionally segmented and reconstituted in textual form
  • simultaneously present photos, audio, documents, video, observation
  • add commentary and analytic memos
  • takes a lot of money and demand different sorts of expertise
36
Q

What is the good life?

A
  • the good is the true
37
Q

A& H the truth

A
  • goals is to produce true accounts of social phenomena

- ethnography is about producing knowledge, not about politics, advancing causes, and creating policy

38
Q

Research ethics

A
  • rooted in responses to research in WWII
  • Nuremberg codes
  • medical research had major influence: research ethics codified in Helsinki declaration of 1974
  • Hippocrates oath: 5Th century BC: first do no harm
  • milgram experiments
39
Q

A&H five issues of ethnographic research (ethics)

A
  • informed consent
  • privacy
  • harm
  • exploitation
  • consequences for future research
40
Q

Issues with informed consent

A
  • covert research
  • participants forget you’re doing research
  • rarely tell all people we might observe that we are doing research or tell participants everything about research
  • disclosing too much info may make them change their behaviour
  • we sometimes give participants the false impression we agree with the views they express
  • sometimes disclose to some but not others
  • free consent is problematic: ex social science building; if you ask to participate is it free consent
  • chief of village?
41
Q

Privacy

A
  • lines between public and private not easy to draw
  • once we write about it, what our informants told us in private becomes public
  • the right of people to control info about themselves is a concern
  • can we use what happened in public place?
42
Q

Harm

A
  • rarely physical, does have consequences which can be difficult to predict
  • relationships we form potentially harmful
  • ex Vidich and Bensmen on Springdale: able identify high profile community members
  • ex Maurice Punch and Darington Hall - didn’t like the way he portrayed the school
  • participants may be upset of how analysis cheapens their world
  • ex Condominas Sat Luk: u.s military use in military against Vietnam
  • ex Wolf on the Rebels - member prosecuted expert witness used thesis as testimony
43
Q

Exploitation

A

What do participants get?

  • ex Cannon on women suffering from breast cancer
  • flip side: participants found social and emotional support through participation in study
  • people suggest pay people for efforts
  • ex Howarth angry reactions when tried to pay
  • ex Scheper- Hughes : asked $100, she offered $20 and he accepted
44
Q

Consequences for future research

A
  • we are obligated to our colleagues to not spoil the field

- Becker argued any good study is likely to provoke a hostile reaction

45
Q

4 different ethical orientations

A
  • ethical absolutism
  • ethical situationalism
  • ethical relativism
  • Machiavellianism
46
Q

Ethical absolutism

A
  • some forms of research or behaviours are illegitimate
  • no deception, fully informed consent, no invasion of privacy
  • ethical standards should be universally applied
47
Q

Ethical situationalism

A
  • what constitutes legitimate behaviour by researcher is a matter judgement of context
  • researchers had to assess relative merits and negative aspects of research
  • who defines costs and benefits open to judgement
  • not a manner of anything goes: should avoid doing things cause harm
48
Q

Ethical relativism

A
  • there is no standard for determining what is and is not legitimate action on part of researcher
  • good and bad aspects of value sets, no one value set is better than others
  • researchers should fully inform participants and then should follow the value sets of participants
  • researchers actions should not transgress the value set of participants
49
Q

Machiavellianism

A
  • ethic be damned
  • certain sorts of research are not conductive to standard informed consent
    / conflict methodologys informed consent does not work in research on large economic or state organizations
  • those in control manipulate research for own ends, therefore covert research may be essential
50
Q

A & H and ethics

A

mostly ethical situationism :

  • no intrinsically ethical procedures
  • self censorship
  • how social settings ought to be vs how social settings are
  • indeterminacy of confidentiality
  • the double edge of exploration
  • risk balance against harm
51
Q

Hammersley & Treseder

A
  • eating disorders and the web with emic thematic categories

ANTH 411 (6 decks)

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