Final

Question 1

What do people generally want

Answer 1

• security
• legitimate government
• equal rule of law
• safety
• stability

Question 2

How Do you get conflicts to end?

Answer 2

• international intervention

- public pressure/media

Question 3

Why mighst state inerven or not?

Answer 3

• no reason to if no trade
• if their interests are threatened
• expensive

Question 4

Characterize negotiations

Answer 4

• long compicated process with multple rounds
• need good mediators
• timing must be right
• negotiator must have knowledge about culture etc.

Question 5

What is Zartmans ripeness theory?

Answer 5

-sides realizing a peace agreement would be benefiital

Question 6

what are pruitt 4 conditions for readiness theory

Answer 6

• actors realizing conflict is not longer practical or acceptible
  1. low likelyhood of success
  2. unbearable/unsustainable costs
  3. unacceptable risk in continuing the struggle
  4. pressure from improant 3rd party

Question 7

What are the 3 parameters for negotiations

Answer 7

1. inclusivness
2. traparant
3. comprehensive

Question 8

what are spoilers

Answer 8

• try to sabatage peace negotiaonis

- may not be ripe or ready

Question 9

what does the peace process need?

Answer 9

• political willingness (ripesness)
• mutual enticing opporutiny
• security for negotiation
• confidence uilding measures

Question 10

What is DDR?

Answer 10

• disarmament - removing the weapons from combatants
• demobilization - taking combatants out of military structures
• reintegration - reintergrating combantants sociall and economically into society

Question 11

What is SSR?

Answer 11

• security sector reform
• need a PA before SSR can happen
• DDR is apart of SSR but just a crucial element of many
• effort to reform , rebuilt secuirty to make sure theyre efficient, effective, acountable
• SSR should answerable to civilian oversight

Question 12

how to civilian get reintegrated?

Answer 12

• gaining civilian status
• employment
• training
• educatoin
• could be combatants rebuilding the infrastucutre

Question 13

Why are amnesties important for after a PA?

Answer 13

• confidence building measure
• sticking point in negotiations
• act of forgiveness for pass offences, general pardon

Question 14

Why are amnesties sometimes disputed?

Answer 14

• blocking justice

- tough to promote reconciliation while punichsing war crimes

Question 15

what is the purpose of DDR?

Answer 15

• reduce military expenditures
• stimultae social welfare spending
• enhance opportunies of livli hood
• disrupt command and control of armed groups

Question 16

What did traditional DDR need?

Answer 16

-signed PA
-trust
-willingness
minimum guarantee of secuirty

Question 17

What are challenges to disarmament?

Answer 17

• not possible to get everyoe disarmed
• people will be distrusting after conflict
• lack of security means people want to protect themselves
• cant make western assumtion that citizen want to give up guns to educate themselves and get a job

Question 18

how do you demobilize

Answer 18

• provide incentives for bottom up
• focus on commanders for top down, works best with traditional state forces with clear hiarchy
• usually focus on the top, as they can be spoilers
• might have to provide inccentives like amensty to commanders
• reinseration afterwards (free post secondary educatoin in canada after ww2

Question 19

what are demobilizatino challenges?

Answer 19

• who are the combatatnts?
• if no incentive, may join other crime organizaiton
• doesnt address domestic violence

Question 20

How does reintergration work?

Answer 20

• more long term than re-insertion
• employment focus on industires with high labour
• low educated combatatns need professional training

Question 21

what are challenges to reintegration?

Answer 21

• need functioning economy to absorve combatatns
• DDR somtimes is focused too much on the D’s
• R is long term, and funds are somtimes shortterm
• citizens may not accept reintergration of violent combatants

Question 22

What are four criteria for democracy?

Answer 22

1. fair and free competitive elections
2. full adult sufferaege
3. Civil rights
4. Absence of unelected trouble makes (military)
5. rule of law
6. judicial and legislative checks on executive power

Question 23

what does mechkova say about democracy? (4 types)

Answer 23

• closed autocracy
• electoral autocracy
• electoral democracy
• liberal democracy

Question 24

what does mickey et al say about democracy?

Answer 24

• democratic backsliding can happened to even liberal democracies
• judiciary can be blackmailed and bullied
• use voting restrictions
• packing state agencies to protect from criminal charges

Question 25

what are different ways to view democracy?

Answer 25

1. -as a process, replacing leaders peacefully through elections
   - institutions, fair elections, civil political rights
   - economic classic liberalism
2. -more about civil society, education, social justice
   - about human values, progress
   - subjects to citizens
   - institutions, fair elections, civil rights, citizen engagement, state role in the economy
3. democracy is full of opposition, squabbling, inefficent
   - churchill: democracy is the worst system except all others that have been tried

Question 26

What are characteristics of GG?

Answer 26

being TALRRo (taller)

• transparancy
• accountability
• legitemacy
• responsivness
• rule of law

Question 27

how is democracy benifitial combined with GG?

Answer 27

• check on power without checks through elections
• allows for descent / feedback loops
• replace governmnet in peaceful manner
• democratic peace theory

Question 28

how do you build a democracy?

Answer 28

• instituions, constitutions, electoral system
• can be a destabilizing process
• needs attitudes
• economy
• obstacles are about physical things like poverty not religion

Question 29

what is rule of law

Answer 29

• if building a sustainable country the puzzle ROL is the key
• cant be peace without Rol and without peace there cant be GG, democracy, economy, independent civil society

Question 30

why is rule of law important after a conflict?

Answer 30

• to abandon violence, must be insured they will receive fair address
• cant consolidate or sustain peace without legitimate ruling structures

Question 31

what do you need for ROL?

Answer 31

• get the right personal
• instituions,
• content of the laws
• processes them selves (innocence until proven guilty)

Question 32

why is the judiciary the key to ROL?

Answer 32

• upholds the ROL and guarentees it
• ensures accountability and transparancy of governmnet
• provides opportunity for redress if treated unfairly

Question 33

what does the judicail mst have?

Answer 33

• accountable
• independent from political and economic arenas
• impartial

Question 34

what are judicals 4 characteristics

Answer 34

• security of tenure
• no interference of salaries (paid by state)
• adminsitrative indepdence
• indepdent from politics

Question 35

what are barriers to a judiciary?

Answer 35

• if no police or prisons to enforce the laws they wont do anything
• if the elements of judicary are restricted there will not be justice for all