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PS 135 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

SF Treaty / System

A
  • Officially ended war in the Pacific
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2
Q

SF System refers to

A
  • a security treaty
  • peace treaty
  • US forces in Japan
  • Japan reduced to the main 4 islands
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3
Q

SF System helpful to Japanese Economy

A
  • Access to US markets and technology

- Japan security is largely handled by US military and its bases in Japan

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4
Q

SF Treaty / System issues

A

Sovereignty issues

  • Territorial issues
  • Treaty didnt specify their final devolution nor their precise limits, thereby leading to “unresolved problems” in the region
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5
Q

What does SF Treaty do?

A
  • Contained amendments that permitted US to act for the sake of maintaining peace in East Asia but also allowed US to exert power on Japanese domestic quarrels
  • Treaty established any attack against Japan or the US would be detrimental to respective countries own peace and safety
  • Required both countries to act to meet the common danger
  • To support the requirement, it allowed the continued presence of US military bases in Japan
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6
Q

Iron Triangle

A

Legislation = Bureaucracy = PARC = Parliament (LDP)
Business (Ideas) = Bureaucracy
Business (money) = Parliament

Bureaucracy

  • where policy is written
  • makes policy that is good for business
  • they are just trying to grow the economy

LDP (parliament)

  • Where policy is carried out, voted on
  • Goes to PARC from bureaucracy
  • LDP external review committee
  • How policy is shaped
  • Submitted to the diet after PARC

Business

  • Have connections with both the bureaucracy and the LDP
  • Business fund the politicians
  • Politicians make policy that is good for the businesses
  • Businesses give $ to politicians
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7
Q

MITI

A

Ministry of International Trade and Industry

-most powerful agencies in the government of Japan

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8
Q

Parties of Japan (LDP, JSP, DPJ, JCP, etc.)

A

1955
LDP- oriented toward growth and capitalism; opposed by JSP
- original main party of Japan
-Because of US influence communism looked down upon JSP never really became a party

1960-1970s

  • vote declined for LDP and JSP
  • JSP started to fragment

1966

  • After electoral reform LDP and DPJ
  • DPJ differs from LDP in militarism
  • —-DPJ are pacifist
  • JCP (environmentalism party)
  • — came about after grassroots movement LGEM
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9
Q

SNTV and MMD

A

SNTV - single-non transferable vote

  • Each voter casts one vote for a candidate - just like US voters but each district elected multiple representatives
  • Like US congressional electoral system, but no one winner in each district, rather 3-5
  • – created factions
  • – created inter party competition
  • –created Koenkai
  • Splintered opposition keep LDP in power
  • Malapportioned districts allowed rural voters to give LDP more seats
  • LDP reps developed patron client relationship
  • – Local pols and brought back pork-barrel benefits to local votes

MMD - multi member districts
Electoral reform
- Got rid of SNTV and replaced it with Mixed member system (MMM) mixed member Majoritarian
— includes SMD (one member on district)(vote per person) 300 seats
PR (percent vote = % of seats) (vote for party) 180 seats
—— closed list, you vote for party and they choose the representatives

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10
Q

Koenkai

A
  • Campaign Machine
  • Centered personal support organization instead of party branches for vote getting
  • Supporters expect to get something if he wins
  • – From pork barrel politics
  • – Huge, around 10000 people
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11
Q

PARC

A

Policy Affairs Research Council

  • main policy formulating body that stood outside legislature
  • Under PARC committees were formed to address particularly policy fields (finance, construction, health and welfare, etc.)
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12
Q

Zoku Giin

A

tribe leaders who had a vested interest in a given policy field

  • policy leaders in PARC
  • Influenced big businesses (in their sector)
  • They are the heads to ensure policy meets the needs of their business contributors
  • A part of the 1955 system
  • Party is hierarchal
  • – PM on top
  • – Faction leaders beneath them
  • – Zoku Giin
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13
Q

Lockheed Scandal

A

a series of bribes and contributions made to Japanese officials from US aerospace company to negotiate the sale of aircraft

  • Bribed Japanese politicians in order to secure contract with them
  • Prime Minister Tanaka was indicted
  • Resulted in a push towards reform, to change the Iron triangle
  • Showed lack of checks on the Japanese government
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14
Q

1994 Electoral Reform

What was electoral reform?
Goals of reform?
Did it work?

A

What was electoral reform?

  • Got rid of SNTV and replaced in with mixed member system (MMM) mixed member Majoritarian
  • – Includes SMD (one member one district vote for a person) for around 300 seats
  • –PR (proportional representation) – 180 seats closed list you vote for party and they choose the representatives
Goals of reform? 
- Cut down the LDP and give -voice to other opposition parties 
Get rid of the Koenkai 
- Get rid of the factions of the LDP
-Hope to get rid or reduce power of PARC

Dit it work?

  • Factions still exist. reduced to 5
  • Didn’t get rid of Koenkai
  • Did decrease power of PARC
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15
Q

Zombie candidate

A

those who lose the popular vote in their constituencies but get swept in via the PR party vote

  • It means that candidates who lose their district can be placed on the PR list, and be elected in the PR tier. Their position is determined by the vote share they got in the district
  • Zombie candidates are also referred to as the “best loser provision” wherein a candidate who loses in an SMG race can still get on the PR list, and their position is determined by their vote share in the SMD district
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16
Q

Lucky Dragon 5

A

Japanese tuna fishing boat which was exposed to and contaminated by nuclear fallout from the US Castille Bravo thermonuclear device test on Bikini Atoll March 1 1954

  • Chief radioman died 7 months after from acute radiation poisoning
  • Created strain between US and Japan
  • Fish were tainted, fishing industry collapsed
  • Japan started a petition of ending nuclear weapon testing
  • Partial test ban treaty of 1963, limiting nuclear testing
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17
Q

Fukushima Disaster

A

an energy accident at the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant in Fukushima, initiated primary by the tsunami following an earthquake

  • Negligence by factory operators to create safety checks and adequate evacuation / containment procedures
  • Japanese bashed “Nuclear Village” – collusive group of elites (bureaucrats, politicians and business) who supported and claimed nuclear energy as “completely safe”
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18
Q

The Big Four

A

Four pollution cases that resulted in lawsuits charging some of Japan’s most esteemed industrial firms with gross negligence. LGEMs demand reprieve compensation and environmental restoration from industrial pollution
- Niigata: Show Denko facilities petrochemical corporations dumped excess mercury into public waterways giving victims mercury poisoning
- Yokkaichi: bronchial asthma
Toyama: Itai Itai cadmium poising
Minamata: Mercury poisoning by dumping excess mercury in waterways
- MITI and Japanese government were so focused on expanding economy they overlooked side effects
– Started buying people off so this wouldn’t come to the forefront of Japanese politics
- LGEM caught on creating citizen’s anti-pollution social movement eventually leading to Chisso and the government being changed

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19
Q

Naoto Kan

A

Prime Minister during Fukushima disaster

  • DPJ Party
  • Symbol of failure of oppositional politics in Japan
  • Lack of response time and citizens losing faith in government resulted in his loss
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20
Q

Japanese LGEM

A

large grassroots environmental movement
- Political opportunity structure
MITI vs. health and welfare

21
Q

Explain the emergence of the Koenkai.

A
  • Emergence – through the LDP party
    o Party could not support multiple candidates from their party from the same district
    o SNTV electoral system, multiple people get elected per district
    o Support groups were founded around these people and the issues they were most experience in (Ex. Agriculture, business)
22
Q

What factors—social, political, or economic—contributed to Koenkai existence?

A
  • Social factors contributed to their existence
    o Appealed to the different sectors of Japanese population and that is how they got the votes
     Ex: your family is a big agricultural family, you will vote for the agricultural representative over banking, military, etc.
  • Economic factors that contributed to their existence
    o They are run like a political machine that takes care of all necessary campaigning and vote gathering
    o They are funded by campaign donations and big businesses
    o Appealing to certain industries allowed those industries an inside advantage in politics…thus they donated to these candidates campaigns to get them elected.
  • Political factors constituting to their existence
    o Politics are driven by factions
     Ex: agriculture, military, business
    o Koenkai are support groups that reflect the political system
    o Party couldn’t campaign for them so they had to have support groups to grow support for themselves
23
Q

Why did they remain after the 1994 electoral reform?

A
  • Why did Koenkai remain after the electoral reform?
    o It didn’t work because it is nice to have a support group like that…you aren’t facing other LDP but you are still competing against other candidates
    o It was already there…it is not just going to go away if it can have a purpose
    o Goal was to have Koenkai become official party branches…but a lot of them are still there
24
Q

Explain the policy making process in Japan.

A
  • Iron Triangle
    o Everyone’s goal idea is for economic growth
    o Bureaucrats main objective is to expand the economy and write policy
    o Big Business Executives – want policy that benefits them
    o Monetarily (align with bureaucrat ideals)
    o LDP politicians interests are aligned
     Economically conservative
    o Essentially, everyone in the Iron Triangle want the same thing, economic growth, so it creates a smooth system of policy making
25
Q

How policy making process works?

A
  • How it works
    o Bureaucrats are responsible for writing policy
    o Bureaucrats known what the interests of Big Business Executives and tailor their policy to meet their interests.
    o Bureaucrats do this because they know LDP politicians will not pass legislation that does not align with the ideals of big businesses
    o Parliament (LDP and PARC) modify and enact legislation given to them by the B Bureaucracy
    o LDP (Zoku Giin) get paid off by Big Business to form policy that best aligns with their interest
    o Big Business pay LDP Politicians and their ideals influence the policy Bureaucrats write
26
Q

Has policy making process changed since 1955?

A
  • How it changed since 1955
    o Electoral reform (1995) made more party competition
    o Brought more friction to the Iron Triangle
    o They weren’t only focused on expansion/reform
27
Q

Do you think that Japanese politics follows the democratic ideal? Why or why not? Use details and examples to support your answer.

A
  • Iron Triangle
  • PM no power in policy making
  • PAC not a part of the diet, but has the most policy shaping power
  • PM cabinets don’t last long – no strong leadership
  • Corruption
  • Big business has their hand in everything
  • Single party dominance
  • Iron Triangle is like a well-oiled machine
  • No party competition
  • Talk about pre-electoral reform and how it definitely wasn’t a democracy, and then after reform, LDP still has a lot of power
28
Q

Tokugawa Shogunate

A
  • last feudal Japanese military government
  • head of government Shogun
  • Shakoku Edict - closed country, Japanese couldn’t leave, Catholicism forbidden, trade restrictions
  • 4 ranks - Samurai, farmers, artisans and merchants
29
Q

Meiji Restoration

A

considered a “revolution from above”

  • complete modernization of Japan
  • Samurai-led revolution
  • ended Tokugawa Shogunate rule and gave power back to emperor as supreme ruler
  • Japan gains a constitution, parliament, national education system, modern navy and army, roads, trains and telegraph
30
Q

Chichibu Revoltuon

A
  • large-scale peasant revolt in Chichibu Saitama, a short distance from Japan’s capital
  • impoverished farmers forced to pay higher taxes
  • forced their wives to work in textile work and daughter into prostitution
31
Q

Black Ships

A
  • name of ships headed by Matthew Perry
  • Perry delivered letter forcing Japan to open trade routes with the US
  • led to Unequal treaty, Treaty of Amity and Commerce
32
Q

Unequal Treaties

A
  • creates Japan was forced to face or suffer war
33
Q

Extraterritoriality

A

a treaty clause that provided for the subjugation of foreign residents to the laws of their own consular courts instead of the Japanese legal system; effectively westernized Japan

34
Q

Comfort Women

A

women and girls forced into sexual slavery by the Imperial Japanese Army in occupied territories before and during WWII

35
Q

General Election Law

A

law passed in 1925 in Taisho period extending suffrage to all males aged 25 and over

36
Q

SCAP

A

Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers

  • General MacArthur held this position
  • served as executive authority for the Allied powers in Japan and was subject to policy making to “restore security, dignity, and self-respect to the Japanese people”
  • draft of first constitution, changed the emperor, media censorship, demonstration of culture
37
Q

1947 Constitution

A

massive restricting of Japanese political system

  • emperor a symbol with not political authority
  • military forces abolished
  • established British style cabinet system
  • ultimately turned Jaan into a democracy
38
Q

SF Peace treaty

A

Signed by 48 nations
officially ended American-led occupation of Japan
returned sovereignty to Japan

39
Q

Treaty of Kwanghwa

A
  • unequal treaty

- gave Japan special trading rights in Korea but were not reciprocated to Koreans in Japan

40
Q

Potsdam Declaration

A
  • demanded surrender and plan for administration of postwar Japan
  • eliminated all authority and influence who have misled Japanese people
  • occupation of Allies in Japan
  • eventually led to 1947 constitution
41
Q

Kokutai

A

an enduring Japanese national polity closely identified with an unbroken and divine ancient imperial line

  • System of government, sovereignty, national identity, essence and character define Kokutai
  • Brought Japanese people to their roots, sense of nationalism
42
Q

Matthew Perry

A

Black ships
opened Japan to America
Forced Treaty of Amity and Commerce

43
Q

Satsuma and Choshu

A

two families which formed military alliance to overthrow Tokugawa Shogunate
Succeeded and became central leaders in Meiji Restoration

44
Q

Zaibatsu

A

large Japanese business conglomerates, similar to cartel but usually organized around a single family

45
Q

Douglas MacArthur

A
  • Supreme Commander of Allied Powers
  • Job was to rebuild Japan in a way that it would not pose military threat in the future
  • kept the emperor, dismantled Zaibatsu, created labor and land reforms
  • First thing he did was set up food distribution stating “democracy cannot be taught to starving people”
46
Q

What role did the Meiji restoration play in Japan’s modernization/industrialization?

A

1) A highly centralized, bureaucratic government
2) A constitution establishing an elected parliament
3) A well-developed transport and communication system
4) A highly educated population free of feudal class restrictions
5) An established and rapidly growing industrial sector based on the latest technology
6) A powerful army and navy

47
Q

What caused the failure of Taisho democracy? Could its collapse have been prevented?

A

1) Downturn of the world economy
a) Following WWI, Japan was forced to compete with other struggling industrial nations for economic dominance, and new to this, was slow to pass legislation and deal with its issues.
b) As Japan’s economy worsened, international trade was at a standstill and countries resorted to nationalistic economic policies
2) Shunning of Japanese immigrants in western countries
a) Japanese Exclusion Act of 1924
i) Japanese viewed as inferior by Western Nations
3) Independence of Japan’s military
a) As sectors declined, Japanese army resorted to “Imperial Way Faction”
b) Japanese nationalism overwhelmed the parliament and the military continued to blame government for economic despair and surrendering to the western nations
i) Hostility is brewing
ii) Turned to radical nationalism and eventually a military state ready for war

48
Q

Who or what were the most important influences on the process of drafting the 1947 constitution?

A

1) Meiji Restoration paved the way for a better Japanese economic, social and political life
a) Mori Animori
b) Ito Hirbumi
c) Fukuzawa Yukichi
2) Potsdam Declaration
3) Matthew Perry forcing first unequal treaty
4) Douglas MacArthur

PS 135 (1 decks)

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