Final Flashcards
Define inflammation and infection
Inflammation: protective immune response that is triggered by any type of injury or irritant
Infection: invasion of microorganisms into tissue that causes cell or tissue injury
What are the signs of inflammation? Use an example
Ex. Sunburn Redness (red skin) Heat (warm to the touch) Swelling (swollen and blisters) Pain (painful to touch) Loss of motion (uncomfortable when moving)
What are the signs of infection? Give an example
Ex. Infected wound Redness (skin is red) Heat (warm to the touch) Swelling (swollen with blisters) Pain (painful to touch) Drainage of pus
How are inflammation and infection related?
When you cut your skin the tissue around the cut will undergo mild inflammation. Skin bacteria invade the cut tissue causing infection. Bacteria will cause more irritation causing more inflammation
What is Reye’s syndrome?
Caused by aspirin given to children causing swelling in brain and liver
Describe a virus
Smallest infectious agent
Genome in a capsid sometimes with a lipid envelope acquired from the host
Variable size
How are viruses classified?
Nucleic acid structure, structural configuration, and biological characteristics
What are the possible effects of a viral infection?
Asymptomatic latent viral infection (herpes) Slowly progressive cell injury (HCV) Acute cell necrosis and degeneration Cell hyperplasia and proliferation Neoplasm
Measles
D: one of the most serious childhood diseases due to complication (1/1000 die and get encephalitis)
E: acute viral disease spread via airborne droplets, highly contagious, in: 7-14, sp: 4-4
S: Fever, runny nose, inflammation of resp mucous membrane, machlopapular rash over body trunk and extremities, koplik spots
D: koplik spots
T: relief of symptoms, prevent dehydration, fever, spread
P: immunization
Rubella
D: usually mild in kids but serious in pregnant women during 1st tri
E: airborne droplets, rubella virus, in:14-21
S: rash (pink), lymph node enlargement, nasal discharge, joint pain, chills and fever
D: blood test for antibodies
T: symptoms, rest, nutrition, prevent spread
P: immunization
Roseola
D: kids under 2, high fever (39-40) last 3-4d, fever drops and pink rash appears lasting hours
E: human herpesvirus 6, contact with saliva or respiratory secretions, in: 14-21
S: high fever, sometimes flu like, pink rash
D: high fever and age of child, blood test
T: symptoms, rest, nutrition
Prevention: hand washing
Mumps
D: infection of parotid glands
E: mumps virus spread by saliva and airborne droplets, in: 16-18, inf: 6-8 since clinical onset
S: swelling, pain when swallowing, chills, fever, ear pain
D: swollen glands, blood test
T: symptoms, complications include deafness and orchitis in males
P: immunization
Varicella
D: most common childhood infectious disease
E: Herpes varicella-zoster virus, in: 10-21, highly contagious, spread by airborne particles or direct contact
S: macular rash on face, trunks, and extremities, extremely itching
D: physical exam
T: alleviation of itching, complications include secondary infection, encephalitis, or death
P: vaccine
Poliomyelitis
D: one of the most devastating childhood diseases before 1952, crippled thousands of children in pandemics
E: poliovirus spread through oral-fecal route, may be latent, 1 in 200 develop symptoms, in: 3-6 (abortive), 7-21 (severe), sp: 7-10 b&a
S: fever, headache, sore throat, abdominal pain, stiffness in neck, trunk, and extremeties, paralysis
D: weakness in arms/legs, stool sample
T: no curs, physical therapy, symptoms, ventilator support
P: vaccine
Influenza
D: acute respiratory disease
E: orthomyxoviridae family spread by contact or airborne droplets, inf:5-14
S: sudden high fever, cough, chills, headache, joint muscle pain, runny nose
D: physical exam, rapid assay test
T: symptoms, antiviral drug in vulnerable pop
P: vaccine
Common cold
D: most frequently occurring disease
E: human rhinovirus most common, transmission by direct or droplet contact
S: rhinitis, runny nose, coughing, sneezing, low grade fever, watery eyes
D: physical exam
T: symptoms, rest, hydration, nutrition
P: hand washing
Respiratory syncytial virus
D: viral infection of airways, most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia and hospitalization of infants
E: RSV, in:2-8, con: 8
S: cold-like symptoms
D: symptoms
T: none
P: avoiding those with infection and good hand washing
Fifth disease
D: more common in kids than adults (ages 5-15)
Etiology: parvovirus (B19) spread by airborne droplets, blood, skin, or contaminated surface, in: 4-14
S: low fever, runny nose, swollen joints, rash on cheeks and trunk and extremeties
D: symptoms
T: symptoms, rest, fever and pain relief, complications include chronic anemia (weakened immune system), aplastic crisis (sickle cell), hydrops fetalis (pregnant woman)
P: avoidance of infectious people, hand washing
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease
D: mild contagious viral infection common in kids under 10
E: coxsackievirus A16 spread by person to person contact, most contagious 7 days
S: fever, sore throat, malaise, painful red blister-like lésions inside mouth, red rad with blisters on palms, soles, and but, irritability, loss of appetite
D: age and symptoms
T: fever and pain relief, avoid dehydration
P: hand washing, disinfection of common areas, isolation
Gastroenteritis
D: highly contagious viral disease, stomach flu, inflammation of stomach and intestines
E: commonly rotavirus and norovirus spread through close contact, contagious at onset and 3 days after recovery (Rota) or 2 before and 2 weeks after (noro)
S: noro (repeated vomiting, diarrhoea, stomach pain, low grade fever), rota (intense diarrhoea, vomiting, stomach pain, fever)
D: symptoms and stool sample
T: none
P: handwashing, isolation, disinfection, rota vaccine
Define primary and secondary infection
Primary: pathogenic bacteria
Secondary: a consequence of another disease
What characteristics are used to classify bacteria?
Shape
Gram-stain
Biochemical/cultural characteristics
Antigenic structure
How are bacteria classified by shape?
Spherical (coccus): clusters (staphylococci), pairs (diplococci), chains (streptococci)
Rod shaped (bacillus)
Spiral/corkscrew
Compare gram stain reactivity
Gram positive: remain purple after alcohol wash
Gram negative: pink after safranin staining
How are bacteria classified based on biochemical and cultural characteristics?
Oxygen dependence: aerobic or anaerobic
Nutrient requirements
Special structures: flagella, spores
Unique biochemical profile: fermentation, starch hydrolysis
Pertussis
D: acute respiratory infection
E: bordetella pertussis, gram +, encapsulated coccobacillus, in: 6-10, spread by respiratory droplets
S: 3 stages - catarrhal (inflammation of mucous membrane: cough, runny nose, low fever), paroxysmal (spasms: violent coughing, cyanosis, distended neck veins, vomiting), convalescence (decreasing episodes of whooping cough)
D: symptoms, nasopharyngeal culture
T: antibiotics, supportive therapy
P: vaccine
Diphtheria
D: used to be leading cause of death among children, now almost completely eradicated
E: corynebacterium diphtheriae (gram +, noncapsulated bacillus), in: 2-5d, spread by direct contact with droplets
S: severe inflammation of the respiratory system, thick membranous coating of pharynx, nose, and tree, thick fibrous exudate, extreme difficulty breathing, toxin can produce degeneration in peripheral nerves and other tissues leading to heart failure and paralysis, 20% fatality, in: 2-5
D: physical exam and positive culture
T: antibiotics and antitoxin
P: immunization
Impétigo
D: high contagious bacterial skin infection
E: staphylococcus aureus or group A streptococci, affecting mainly young children
S: superficial pyoderma, vesicles and pustules that rupture producing a yellow crust over the lesion
D: symptoms, positive culture of lesions
T: washing and drying area,
P: good personal hygiene,
Acute tonsillitis
D: infection of palatine tonsils
E: most commonly caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococci
S: sore throat, enlarged tonsils with spots, furry tongue, cough, fever, pain with swallowing
D: visual exam, throat culture
T: antibiotics, tonsillectomy
P: avoiding contact, good hand washing
Otitis media
D: acute bacterial infection of middle ear
E: bacteria entering middle ear typically during upper res infection or swimming, 4 bacteria (streptococcus pneumoniae or pyogènes, moraxella catarrhalis, haemophilus influenzas)
S: neonates (irritability or feeding difficulties), older kids (fever, pain, hearing loss, nausea, vomiting, chills, vertigo)
D: physical exam (otoscopy revealing)
T: antibiotics, supportive treatments, myringotomy (removal of fluid to prevent membrane rupture), tynpanostomy (insertion of tubes)
P: prevent and treat upper res infections, modifications of risk factors, breastfeeding
Tuberculosis
D: infection of res system, global health emergency in 2006
E: mycobacterium tuberculosis (gram - or +, highly aerobic), found in GI, bones, brain, kidney, lymphnodes, in:4-12w, spread by droplets,
S: persistent cough, bloody sputum, enlarged lymphnode, night sweats, malaise, weight loss
D: skin test, chest x-ray, sputum culture
T: antibiotics, nutrition, rest, quarentine
P: skin testing, TB vaccine
Describe fungal diseases
Typically seen on skin or mucous membrane
Can afflict any age group but some more common in infants
Irritating more than dangerous
Candidiasis
D: yeast infection, irritating infectious found in mouth (thrush) and but (diaper rash)
E: Candida albicans acquired during delivery or from antibiotic delivery and unclean bottle nipples, part of normal flora
S: white plaques on mucous membrane of the tongue, red inflamed scaly rash on the buttocks and groin
D: visual and microscopic examination, culture
T: go away on own or anti du gal medicine
P: breast feeding, good oral hygiene, consumption of yogurt, keeping diaper clean and dry
Tinea
D: highly contagious fungal infection of skin, group commonly known as ring worm, seen in scalp and area between toes, in teens in toes (athletes foot) and groin (jock itch)
E: caused by a variety of fungi
S: itching, cracking and weeping of the skin
D: clinical appearance and microscopic examination of scrappings
T: keeping area clean and dry, antifungal agents
P: keep skin healthy, clean, and dry, avoiding community showers, pools, and hottubs, handwashing
Describe a parasitic disease
Disease chased by an organism that feeds another organism
Common in areas of poor hygiene, contaminated water, poor nutrition
Common in North America: giardiasis, pediculosis, helminth
Giardiasis
D: infection with parasite giardia
E: giardia lamblia from infected water source or unwashed raw produce, flagellated protozoan, colonize and reproduce in small intestine and absorb nutrients from host
S: watery diarrhea, nausea, abdominal cramping, flatulence, fever, loss of appetite, shiny and foul-smelling stool, weight loss and signs of poor nutrition
D: stool exam
T: relief of symptoms, prevent dehydration, furazolidone treatment
P: good handwashing, washing fruit and vegetable, avoid unclean water
Pediculosis
D: lice, three types (head, body, pubic)
E: direct contact and by sharing combs etc, equal opportunity pathogen
S: visible in scalpe, itching
D: observation
T: eradication with medicated shampoo or mechanical removal
P: avoiding contact with infected and sharing clothes and hair brush
Pinworms
D: parasitic helminths (nematodes), do not cause physical harm except itching and never infect blood
E: enterobius vermicularis transmission through infection/inhalation of eggs (can survive 2-3 weeks), attach to inside wall of large intestine, later female moves into rectum, leaves at night and lays eggs causing itching, scratch and cycle continue
S: anal itching
D: microscopic examination of stool, trapping eggs to adhesive tape in morning
T: hand washing, medication, cleaning of bed and clothing
P: hand washing, toilet habits, avoid biting nails and fingers
What are the different realms of development?
Gross motor
Fine motor
Speech and language
Social/adaptive/self help skills
What are some biological risk factors for developmental disability?
Prematurity/low birth weight Birth injury/hypoxia Vision/hearing impairment Genetic conditions/chronic illness Family history of DD, ID, seizures, attentional difficulties, learning disabilities
What are some social risk factors for developmental disability?
Low parental education Unemployment/poverty/social isolation Single parent family More than 3 kids in household Parental mental illness or substance abuse History of abuse in a parent Domestic violence Frequent moves Poor quality services or lack of access to services
What are the principles of normal motor development?
Follow a defined series of stages that are the same for all children: cephalocaudal, proximal to distal, involves maturation of the CNS
Velocity and quality of progress differs based on interaction of genetics, biology, and environment
What are the different principles associated with motor development?
- Primitive and protective reflexes
- Head and trunk control
- Quantity vs quality
- Variations of normal or RED FLAGS
- Progress vs regression vs plateau
- Isolated delay vs global delay
What are primitive reflexes?
Often present at birth and disappear by 4-6 months of age
Indicate immaturity of CNS
Ex. Moro, ATNR, palmar/plantar grasp, rooting reflex, placing or stepping reflex
Describe the moro reflex
Occurs spontaneously after sudden movement
Sudden symmetric abduction and extension of arms with extension of the trunk followed by a slower addiction of upper extremities with crying
Disappears by 4-6m due to cortical maturity
Important to rule out congenital MSK and nerve injury
Describe the asymmetric tonic neck reflex
Appears 2-4w and disappears by 6m
Limb movements strongly influenced by head position
If head directed to one side, gradual extension towards side head is turned and flexion of opposite side
Fencing position
Protective for rolling
What are equilibrium and postural reflexes?
As cortical functioning in the newborn improves primitive reflexes are replaced by those important to maintain posture and balance
Include head righting (infant able to keep head in midline/virtical position despite tilting) lateral, frontal, and backward propping, parachute reflex (out stretch of both hands when body is moved headfirst in downward direction)
Usually appear 4-6m
What is the general progression of locomotion in gross motor development?
Prone to supine rolling Supine to prone rolling Early commando crawling 4 point crawling Supported standing and cruising Walking independently Running Jumping on 2 feet Throw ball overhand Balancing on one foot Ride tricycle Hoping/skipping Catch ball
Compare quality and quantity of motor development
Quantity: how much, a child has acquired a certain skill
Quality: how they do it, maturity and rapidity with which it is done
