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Poli Sci 172 > Final! > Flashcards

Final! Flashcards

1
Q

Public Sphere

A

express views/wants in light of that of others’

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2
Q

Deliberation

A

I support this and heres why

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3
Q

Habermas and the Hierarchy of Deliberative Opinion

A

(From Least to Greatest) No Opinion - Opinion but no reasons - Opinion with reasons - Opinion in light of reasons of others, even opponents

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4
Q

Political Homopholy

A

surround yourself with like-minded individuals, which reinforce our own views

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5
Q

Mediatization

A

the process by which the media have come to play a central role in politics, influencing institutions, performing strategic functions for political elites

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6
Q

Information Regime

A

a stable system of political organizations linking citizens to one another and to the state, and adapted to the ecology of communication and information at any given time

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7
Q

First Info Regime

A

1830s to late 19th Century

mail-based national system; national scale political parties and new businesses

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8
Q

Second Info Regime

A

Late 19th Century to mid-20th Century

Industrial-scale administrative complexity, diversification, specialization, interest groups, civic orgs, professionals

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9
Q

Third Info Regime

A

1950s to 1990s

emergence of mass media, communication, centralized high-cost, asymmetric, mass communication

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10
Q

Fourth Info Regime

A

1990s to Present
With the emergence of digital media allows individuals to find and communicate with one another; radically decentralized and inexpensive communication; network dynamics, info abundance

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11
Q

Public Agenda

A

the set of issues that the public thinks is the most important

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12
Q

Policy Agenda

A

the set of issues to which government institutions are devoting attention

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13
Q

News Agenda

A

the set of issues that professional news media are covering most prominently; tells us what to think about; social media changes this; citizen generated content can reach news orgs

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14
Q

Issue Framing

A

using words that elicit one set of values, beliefs, or attitudes rather than others in a way that affects what opinion people express

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15
Q

Episodic Framing

A

describing discrete events, without context

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16
Q

Thematic Framing

A

describing context, trends, causes, interconnections among events, why things happen and how we should think about solving them

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17
Q

Equivalency Framing

A

people respond differently to numerically equivalent statements as a function of whether these are framed in terms of loss or gain

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18
Q

Framing effects are stronger with….

A

repetition, more political knowledge, talking with politically-similar others

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19
Q

Nelson, Clawson, and Oxley Theory

A

ideas used to frame certain stories will also influence viewers’ opinions on the story

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20
Q

Nelson, Clawson, and Oxley Methodology

A

lab setting with undergrads, warm-up segment, then 7 min clip compilations, “tolerance measure” questions

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21
Q

Nelson, Clawson, and Oxley Findings

A

news framing matters for viewers’ tolerance

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22
Q

Learning Model

A

mass media messages provide new info about an issue

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23
Q

Priming/Cognitive Accessability Model

A

Political judgements and evaluations are based on only a subset of all potentially relevant thoughts

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24
Q

Expectancy Model

A

asymmetrically stresses the importance of gain/loss and variability in risk involved in problems among other accessible considerations, which influences your opinion

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25
Q

Cognitive Bias

A

pattern of thought involving a predisposition toward a predictable error, mis-estimation, or mental shortcut (Ex: gamblers’ fallacy, coin flips)

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26
Q

Anchoring Effect

A

exposing someone to an arbitrary number will influence another numeric estimate even if there is no relationship between the two values

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27
Q

False Consensus

A

we tend to be bad at estimating how many people agree with us on a certain issue, being biased to favor our own viewpoint

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28
Q

Third-Person Perception

A

on average, people agree with us on a certain issue, being biased to favor our own viewpoint

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29
Q

Hostile Media Effect

A

selective perception and recall of news as being biased against one’s views

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30
Q

Selective Exposure/Acceptance

A

preference for news and other messages that reinforce existing attitudes and opinions

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31
Q

Belief in Falsehoods

A

actively held belief that is factually incorrect; cognitive biases support false beliefs

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32
Q

Priming

A

practice of highlighting particular issues or features in a complex situation to emphasize the considerations around which opinions are formed

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33
Q

Cueing

A

looking for cues/labes

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34
Q

Bolstering

A

selecting factoids to support positions

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35
Q

Weighing

A

using emotions to direct attention

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36
Q

Anchoring

A

packing and narrating this mediated information in terms of personal life experiences

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37
Q

Factoids

A

bits and pieces of info that fill in emerging understandings of a situation

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38
Q

Vallone, Ross, and Lepper Question

A

is the hostile media phenomenon really an exception to the rule of confirmatory bias in cognition and perception?

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39
Q

Vallone, Ross, and Lepper Methodology

A

36 min of TV reports of Beirut Massacre shown to pro-Arab and pro-Israeli groups, then questionnaire RE: fairness/objectivity of segments

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40
Q

Vallone, Ross, and Lepper Findings

A

disagreed about material; more knowledge —> more inclined to view bias; tendency for partisans to view media coverage of controversial events as unfairly biased/hostile to their position

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41
Q

Heuristics

A

cognitive shortcuts

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42
Q

Constructionism

A

focuses on how individuals form different beliefs from media exposure which depends on demographics, psychology, and the content of a particular medium

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43
Q

Schema

A

a cognitive structure consisting of organized knowledge about situations and individuals that comes from prior experiences; serves as a filter for info

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44
Q

Knowledge Gap

A

high-status, well-informed citizens acquire more info at a faster clip that their low-status, poorly informed counterparts

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45
Q

Values

A

understanding what is good and not good

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46
Q

Political beliefs

A

understanding of what is true and not true; falsifiable in principle

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47
Q

Opinions

A

positions on specific political questions of the day

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48
Q

Attitudes

A

enduring dispositions about problems

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49
Q

Receive-Accept-Sample (RAS) Model

A

many opinion reflect “top of the head” thinking based on highly filtered info, not necessarily tightly connected to values and beliefs

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50
Q

Dual Process Models

A

thinking tends to be peripheral, unless motivation, interest, urgency, and skill are brought to bear

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51
Q

Accessibility and Agenda Setting

A

Most accessible information is what is most important and/or most recent

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52
Q

Applicability and Framing

A

Applying certain values, presented from a frame to a certain issue

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53
Q

Inclusiveness of Press

A
  • Established by Lovell v. City of Griffin (1938)

- doesn’t just cover newspapers, pretty much any publication (like fliers)

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54
Q

Limited Content-Based Restrictions in the Press

A
  • Established by many cases

- “viewpoint discrimination” just as in speech

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55
Q

Press Protection from libel sanctions

A
  • Established by NYT v. Sullivan (1964)
  • Journalists have a generally higher level of protection from libel
  • Price you pay for free press is occasional mistakes; news requires some tolerance
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56
Q

No prior restraint of the press

A
  • Established by NYT v. US (1971 - The Pentagon Papers)

- Effective news orgs will sometimes expose gov’t deception that the government doesn’t want to be seen

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57
Q

Prior Restraint

A

when the government finds out about a story being published at trying to get an injunction on it

58
Q

Journalistic Priviledge

A
  • Established by Branzburg v. Hayes (1972) and state level shield laws
  • Government can get sources if there is an overriding and compelling state interest; this is very broad and a “patchwork” across states
59
Q

“Rally-Around-the-Flag”

A

when there is a significant crises, news orgs are typically in support of political/gov’t powers

60
Q

Partisanship as a business model

A

playing to selective exposure to get more viewers

61
Q

False balance

A

when avoiding favoritism toward one viewpoint ends up also avoiding evidence

62
Q

Fake News

A

ongoing junk news sites designed to generate AD income

63
Q

Style

A

customs and rules governing the use of language, including choice of words and how they’re arranged

64
Q

Leadership Style

A

a combination of habitual modes of thought and action on which individuals perceive or judge a candidate

65
Q

Rhetoric

A

the art or study of persuasion; process of inventing discourse; both verbal and non-verbal

66
Q

Incumbency Campaign Styles

A
  • Recognition
  • Legitimacy, “trappings” of office
  • presumption of competence
  • possibility to allocate funds
67
Q

Challenger Campaign Styles

A
  • Possibility to campaign all the time
  • Attack the incumbent
  • on offense on issues
  • Lament and call for change; people tend to see what is wrong over what is good
  • What change is needed and why they are the person for the job
68
Q

Triangulation

A
  • Defending acceptable ideas for both sides of the aisle
  • “government is not the problem nor the solution”
  • Mostly for incumbents
69
Q

Segmentation

A

Micro-targeting of voting blocs, often achieved through identification

70
Q

Identification

A

creation of consubstantiality and dissassociation

71
Q

The American Jeremiad

A
  • Reference to norm or ideals, often spiritual
  • Lamentation over collective, often moral, decline
  • Orator offers repentance and redemption
72
Q

The Slippery Slope Fallacy

A
  • With fearful rhetoric, by inciting fear, you can lead people to support you and your position
  • One observation leads to a thinly-stretched conclusion
73
Q

The False Dilemma

A

The orator presents the situation as an either/or choice between two options but there is at least one more alternative

74
Q

Apologia

A

apologetic discourse

75
Q

Acquittal posture

A

denial

76
Q

Absolution posture

A

admission/forgiveness

77
Q

Explanation posture

A

explain circumstances, ambivalent on guilt

78
Q

Vindication posture

A

attack source without direct answer

79
Q

Justification posture

A

reframing charge to get praise

80
Q

news adjacencies

A

time slots just before or just after a local newscast

81
Q

gross rating point (GRP)

A

unit of exposure that reflects the percentage of the media market that is exposed to the ad

82
Q

Image ads

A

maintain thematic continuity with the biographical message by presenting the candidate as a likable human being with a strong sense of public service

83
Q

Issue ads

A

more substantive and either focus on the candidate’s past experience and record in public life, or outline the candidate’s position on major policy issues

84
Q

wedge issues

A

designed to pit groups against each other to appeal to voters’ sense of group identity

85
Q

Iyengar Study on Campaigns

A
  • Attacked candidate was significantly better off to counterattack
  • Also demonstrated that support for the attacked candidate who responded with a positive ad dropped substantially among voters who shared the attacked candidates party
86
Q

1974 FECA Amendments

A
  • Limits on the size of contributions, the amount of spending, and public financing
87
Q

Buckley v. Valeo

A

Established that money is speech and is protected under 1st amendment

88
Q

Soft money

A
  • party-building exclusion to raise unlimited amounts of contributions
  • campaign money that is exempt from litigation
89
Q

Issue Advocacy

A

ads referring to candidates by not containing express advocacy were referred to as above and not covered by FECA

90
Q

Electioneering Communications

A

any broadcast advertising that identifies a federal candidate and is run within 30 days of a primary or 60 days before general election

91
Q

Basic principle of campaign strategy

A

maximize the number of positive messages about yourself and the number of negative messages about your opponent

92
Q

Obama echoing JFK

A
  • Obama is to the internet as JFK was to TV

- using a new medium in his campaign

93
Q

Free-Media Value

A

advertising- cost value of attention in media

94
Q

US election campaigns are under pressure…

A
  • externally from global processes

- internally from evolving media technology and old structural problems

95
Q

Public good

A

non-excludable; ex: clean air

96
Q

Collective action

A

people coming together around a public good to make a change

97
Q

Boycotts

A
  • avoiding a product/company for political or ethical reasons
  • people are thinking more about their consumer actions as having political implications
98
Q

Buycott

A

seeking product/company for the same reasons

99
Q

Counterpublics (Tufecki)

A

groups coming together to oppose the more hegemonic public sphere/ideologies

100
Q

Slactivism (Tufecki)

A

a catchphrase that insulated activists and non-activists using digital tools without adding to understating the complexity of digital reconfiguration of the public sphere

101
Q

Digital Dualism (Tufecki)

A

the idea that the internet is a less “real” world

102
Q

“Cute Cat Theory” of Activism (Tufecki)

A

Platforms that have nonpolitical functions can become more politically powerful because it is harder to censor their large number of users who are eager to connect with one another or share their latest “cute cat” pictures

103
Q

“Bridge Ties” (Tufecki)

A

Connecting to people or movements through mutual friends

104
Q

Arab Spring Beginnings

A

Began in Tunisia, “Flash Revolution,” no single revolutionary figure/leader, heavily organized through social media

105
Q

Arab Spring Grievances

A

emotional triggers and realization of the possible in the context of good communication

106
Q

Explanation of Variances in Arab Spring Outcomes

A
  • willingness of the militaries to defect

- which was a function of the size of the mobilization and the institutionalization of the military

107
Q

Strategies Behind Censoring Internet in China

A
  • Censorship of communication with collective-action potential; viral potential/action oriented
  • Distraction and Agenda changing through manufactured posts
108
Q

King et. al study

A
  • Monitoring Chinese social media posts/sites to examine what is being censored
  • Chinese government doesn’t care if its being criticized or not; only cares about collective action potential
109
Q

“Fifty Cent Party”

A
  • posting on behalf of the state

- job is to intervene when conversations turn towards collective action potential by CHANGING THE TOPIC

110
Q

Two themes in Obama’s campaigns (Bimber)

A
  • personalized political communication

- commodification of digital media as tools

111
Q

Lifestyle Politics (Bimber)

A

political expression through daily choices about routine matters of lifestyle are ascendant over traditional, institution-centric forms of participation

112
Q

State Critique Theory (King et. al)

A

posits that the goal of the Chinese leadership is to suppress dissent and to prune human expression that finds fault with the elements of the Chinese state, its policies, or its leaders

113
Q

Collective Action Potential (King et. al)

A

target of censorship is people who join together to express themselves collectively, stimulated by someone other than the government, and seem to have the potential to generate collective action

114
Q

King et. al’s Hypothesis

A

the government censors all posts in topic areas during volume bursts that discuss events with collective action potential

115
Q

King et. al’s central theoretical finding

A

Purpose of censorship program is NOT to suppress criticism of the state or communist party. Purpose is to reduce the probability of collective action by clipping social ties whenever any collective movements are in evidence or expected.

116
Q

Structural Adaptation to Change (Lesson about Power)

A

Changing communication environments elicit ADAPTATIONS by political organizations and new contests over power

117
Q

Unpredictability of voice and action (Lesson about Power)

A

Expressions of citizen voice and action can be unpredictable, due to the nature of triggering events and viral growth in attention

118
Q

Cognitive limitations (Lessons about Power)

A

Humans are not well equipped to deal with complex political communication, which is a big problem for the theory of democracy

119
Q

Mediatization of Politics (Lessons about Power, Perloff)

A

Politics has shifted from being institution-centric to being media-centric

120
Q

Public Spheres are Under Duress (Lessons about Power)

A

Homopholy, insulation, “synthetic public opinion”

121
Q

Power and Counter-Power in Networks (Lessons about Power)

A

Networked citizens have more agency, expand our opportunities to resist (COUNTER-POWER)

122
Q

Hashtag Entrepreneurs (Sustein)

A

people create or spread hashtags as a way of promoting ideas, perspectives, products, persons, supposed facts, and eventually actions

123
Q

Architecture of serendipity (Sustein)

A

for the sake of individual lives, group behavior, innovation, and democracy itself

124
Q

Choice Architecture (Sustein)

A

information should be structured so that people frequently come across views and topics that they have not specifically selected

125
Q

“Partyism” (Sustein)

A

a kind of visceral, automatic dislike of people of the opposing party

126
Q

General-interest intermediaries (Sustein)

A

newspapers, magazines, and broadcasters who provide a range of chance encounters to the public

127
Q

Special-interest intermediaries (Sustein)

A

online news outlets often take the form of specialized “verticals” that focus on narrower subjects

128
Q

Unifying issue (Sustein)

A

various problems for a democratic society that might be created for the POWER TO FILTER

129
Q

Indexing (Castells)

A

practice in which journalists and editors limit the range of political viewpoints and issues that they report upon to those expressed within the mainstream political establishment

130
Q

Mass self-communication (Castells)

A

it is self-generated in content, self-directed in emission, and self-selected in reception by many that communicate with many

131
Q

Counter-power (Castells)

A

the capacity by social actors to challenge and eventually change the power relations institutionalized in society

132
Q

Group 1: Twitter’s Public Agenda

A
  • Hypothesis: professional media agenda would affect Twitter agenda
  • Methodology: Examined tweets across twenty different topics
  • Conclusion: Events covered the most were triggering, sensational, negative, dramatic (Trump, foreign affairs, civil rights); Trump has power to influence the election
133
Q

Group 2: Influence on Twitter

A
  • Hypothesis: elected officials will have most influence, along with some private individuals
  • Methodology: Looked at retweets by select individuals depending on the topic area
  • Conclusion: Journalism and Media, Gov’t and Politics, and elected officials were the most influential
134
Q

Group 3: Social Senators

A
  • Hypothesis: Dems will be more active on Twitter, Republicans on FB; issues will be different on platforms; Senators in purple states will post less polarizing posts
  • Methodology: Looked at FB/Twitter posts for 9 individuals
  • Conclusion: Twitter is more in use by Senators, use FB to reaffirm their tweets, highlights segmentation
135
Q

Group 4: Trump’s Tweets

A
  • Hypothesis: Thought that Trump would tweet most about personal interest or current news
  • Methodology: Trump’s twitter archive
  • Conclusion: uses political events with a self-centered focus; bolsters himself; makes his own agenda
136
Q

Group 5: US News Agenda

A
  • Hypothesis: TRUMPCON high, inconsistency between partisan outlets
  • Methodology: Tracked American news sources, top 3 stories over 12 day period, once a day
  • Conclusion: top stories were gun, trumpcon, tradepol; “scandal politics,” cataclysmic events, rapid-onset event theory
137
Q

Group 6: International News Agenda

A
  • Hypothesis: What issues are the highest on the international news agenda
  • Methodology: tracked 10 international news sources every day, once a day, for a 12 day period
  • Conclusion: Sensationalism highly prevalent in news, especially in Western regions
138
Q

Group 8: News Popularity in America

A
  • Hypothesis: Liberal outlets will focus on more social issues, Republicans will focus on government issues
  • Methodology: Consecutive=trending for 3+ days
  • Conclusion: Republicans not really government related, but more societal threats
139
Q

Group 9: Journalists’ Agenda in Press Briefings

A
  • Hypothesis: Spikes in topics will correspond with triggering events
  • Methodology: American Presidency Project, press briefing analysis over 5 month span
  • Conclusion: Top issues were North Korea, Middle East Conflict, and Trade Policy
140
Q

Group 10: Episodic vs. Thematic Framing

A
  • Hypothesis: Does framing vary across outlets/issues?
  • Methodology: Looked at American news sources over a 12 day period, rated stories on a 4 point scale
  • Conclusion: 62.3% episodic, 37.7% thematic; TRUMPCON and conservative outlets were overwhelmingly episodic

Poli Sci 172 (1 decks)

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