FINAL Flashcards
(59 cards)
Factorial Design
2 or more factors in an experimental design in which each level of every independent variable occurs with all levels of the other independent variables.
- looking at more than one variable at a time
- separate groups of people/participants
- looking for overall effects and interactions
Ex: Gender could be a factor with two levels male and female and Diet could be a factor with 3 levels of low, medium, and high protein.
- Statistical Analysis: ANOVA
Interaction
an experiment result that occurs when an independent variable level is differently affected by levels of other independent variables. (The effects of 1 IV are not the same across the levels of another)
Ethology
The study of naturally occurring behavior
Ethogram
are observations made of different categories for the organisms under study, then recording the number of times the organisms engage in each behavior.
Ex: Chloe’s lecture: we tallied the coded behaviors of the animals.
Chi Squared Test for Independence
a statistical test often used to determine whether that data in a contingency table are statistically significant.
Contingency research
is one sort of relational research in which data of 2 variables are compared to see if they have a relationship between them.
Correlational Research
allows the researcher to determine simultaneously the degree and direction of a relationship with a single statistic.
Positive Correlation
one variable increase so does the other.
example the relationship between smoking and lung cancer.
Negative Correlation
one variable increases as the other decreases
example of smoking and lower grades
Counterbalancing
a technique used to vary order of conditions in an experiment, so practice or fatigue are not confounders
- limits order effect
- presentation of conditions: “ADDA”
Small-n design
levels are presented to a small number of participants to have a well controlled setting and are used for special participates such as cancer patients.
Control Group
does not receive the levels of interest of the Independent variable.
Control Condition
provides a baseline against of which some variable can be compared.
ex: If study is measuring the effects of caffeine, the controlled condition would have no caffeine creating the baseline.
Regression to the mean
refers to extreme scores taken from a larger group and retested members will fall near the mean.
Theory of Signal Detection
- our perception in general is controlled by evidence and decision processes.
- measured in ROC
- d’= sensitivity (sensory processes measured)
- beta=criterion (decision processes measured)
Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC)
a plot graphing hits against false alarms
d’
sensitivity process measured
the distance between signal and noise distributions
the probability that something is there
beta
criterion= decision process measured
is the slope of the ROC function at the point of interest
Statistical Prediction Rules
to increase the accuracy of decisions. The rules are based on the predictor variables.
Pavlovian conditioning
does not indicate continuous paring will lead to being classical conditioned conditioned stimulus (CS) will predict the unconditioned stimulus (US)
Operant (instrumental) conditioning
reinforcement or punishment are used to either increase or decrease the probability that a behavior will occur again in the future.
Sniffy pressing the bar to gain reinforcement.
Shaping
by waiting until the animal makes a desired response observer rewards it (with food) which reinforces greater approximations to desired behaviors.
Classical Conditioning
is a basic form of learning, in which stimuli initially incapable of evoking certain responses.
Ex: Watson’s experiment in fear response was conditioned in a boy known as Little Albert. The unconditioned stimulus was the loud, clanging sounds and the unconditioned response was the fear response created by the noise.
Postive Reinforcement
Increases the likelihood of the response that produces it. Ex: giving a child praise for good behavior
