FINAL Flashcards
Commonly accepted dates for the Baroque period are
1600-1750
The roots of the Baroque are in what country?
Italy
The musical style of the Renaissance came to be referred to as _______ or ______.
Prima practica, stile antico
The newer style of the Baroque was referred to as _______ or ______.
Seconda practica, stile moderno
A continuous bass line that accompanied the melody; it’s symbols were called _____.
Basso continuo; figured bass
Composers began to write ________ in order to exploit the individual capabilities of voices/instruments.
Idiomatically
Two important musical genres that came into existence around 1600; which country was each?
Opera in Florence, Oratorio in Rome
A large amount of Baroque music emphasizes “competition” between two groups - solo vs group, voices vs instrument, small group vs large
Concertato
The primary genre of vocal chamber music was the _______.
Solo cantata
A descending four-note bass line often denoted sorrow and is known as a _______.
Lament bass
“Agitated style”
Concitato
Music intended for large spaces such as basilicas and employing four or more choirs singing together echoing one another is known as the _______.
Colossal Baroque
Who perfected the da capo aria?
Alessandro Scarlatti
What are the two types of sonatas that emerged?
da chiesa (church) and da camera (chamber)
What is the instrumentation of a Baroque trio sonata?
2 melody instruments + basso continuo
The tempo pattern of a sinfonia (Italian overture):
Fast/slow/fast
The tempo pattern of a French overture:
Slow/fast/slow
An instrumental piece for ensemble in which one or more soloists both complemented and competed with an orchestra:
Sonata
Who pioneered the development of the sonata?
Rossi and Corelli
A collection of pieces in dance rhythms is a
Suite
Who developed the standard dances?
Froberger
What are the standard dances?
Allemande, Courante, Sarabande, and Gigue
An organ piece that introduced the congregational hymn by playing it through its entirety prior to singing
Chorale prelude
The composer who took the Italian concerted style to Dresden, Germany
Schütz
The composer who wrote the first significant opera
Monteverdi
The first composer to specify instrumentation and to employ dynamic markings in a musical score
Gabrieli
The first significant oratorios were composed by
Carissimi
The priest who composed hundreds of string concertos
Vivaldi
The name for the simple vocal style that characterized the earliest Baroque solo songs
Monody
A type of singing that is flexible and mimics the rhythms of speech
Recitative
The term for divided choir
Cori spezzati
The standard for single movements in sonatas and dance suites
Binary form
The small group of soloists in a concerto grosso
Concertino
Notes performed somewhere between legato and staccato
Spiccato
Alternate tuning of a stringed instrument
Scordatura
The most important French musician at the time of Louis XIV
Lully
A multi-movement piece composed to commemorate a birthday or a similar occasion
Ode
A male vocalist who sings in the alto range
Countertenor
The idea that music conveys a single emotion resulted in this
Doctrine of Affections
Where was opera first made available to the public?
1600 in Florence
What was Monteverdi’s final opera?
“l’incoronazione di Poppea”
What is the title and the composer of the first true opera?
“Dafne” by Jacopo Peri
A dramatic work or play set to music with the lines of the actors sung rather than spoken
Opera
The new Baroque style of vocal expression that dramatically mixed speech and song in a dramatic fashion was referred to by the Camerata as _______.
stile rappresentativo
Who was the first composer to write idiomatically for instruments?
Giovanni Gabrieli
Who created the stile concitato?
Monteverdi
A bass line that insistently repeats is a
Basso ostinato
What style employed distinctly separate units of voices and instruments to create vivid contrasts?
Concerted style
Fiori musicali was the work of _______. What type of music is it?
Frescobaldi; organ
Who was the most famous maker of prized violins in Baroque Italy?
Antonio Stradivari
Who was the first composer to make his reputation strictly as a composer of instrumental music?
Corelli
What are multiple stops on a string instrument?
Playing two or more notes simultaneously
What musical genre was favored by Vivaldi?
Concerto (solo&grosso)
What was the preferred form for Baroque sonata movement?
Binary form
Who composed the mystery sonatas?
Biber
A composition for organ which is based on a chorale melody but gives free rein to the composers imagination
Chorale Fantasia
Johann Froberger composed almost exclusively for _______.
Keyboard
Who was the greatest organ composer of his day in northern Germany?
Buxtehude
Who injured himself while conducting and died from the injury?
Lully
Who was known for the cantata française and what were they typically about?
Elizabeth Jacquet de la Gurre; Old Testament Heroes
What genre created by Lully fused tragedy with ballet?
Tragédie lyrique
An organization which Lully gained exclusive control over was the _______.
Académie royale de musique
Ballet danced at the French court in which members of the court appeared alongside professional dancers?
Ballet de cour
What important form is Louis Couperin remembered for?
Unmeasured prelude; opening piece without indications for rhythmic direction
What is the title of the significant pedagogical manual by Francois Couperin?
“the art of playing the harpsichord”
What Parisian family was known for lute playing and composition?
The Gaultiers
A dotted note is made longer than written, while its complimentary short notes are made shorter
Overdotting
What is Purcell’s best known work and his only fully sung opera?
“Dido and Aeneas”
In English music, an ostinato bass line is referred to as
Ground bass
An aria with distinctive characteristics such as parallel thirds. , a slow tempo, a lilting rhythm in compound meter, and harmony that changes slowly
Pastoral aria
A sustained or repeated pitch played in the bass above which the harmony changes
Pedal point
What type of tuning involves dividing the octave into twelve equal half steps?
Equal temperament
What was the focus of composition for Bach during his years in Leipzig?
Cantatas/vocal music
What is a sacred vocal genre that employs and text and/is of a pre-existing Lutheran hymn in all or several of its movements?
Chorale
What is the philosophical, scientific, and political movement that dominated the 18th century thought?
The Age of Enlightenment
When and where was the premier of Gluck’s “Orfeo ed Euridice”? What notable musical figure attended as a child?
Vienna, 1762; Mozart
What work provided the first serious challenge to the reign of opera Seria?
John Gay’s “The Beggar’s Opera”
Difference between a ballad and ballad opera?
Ballad/traditional strophic song
Ballad opera/comic opera that used retexted ballads and spoken dialogue
A musical diversion between the acts of an opera or play
Intermezzo
Who created reform opera/what were its goals?
Gluck; sought to combine Italian lyricism and the French intense desire for dramatic expression
In what major European cities were public concerts performed in the mid-18th century?
London, Paris, Vienna
Which city had the first public concerts and what were they called?
Paris; concert spirituel
In what genre is Giovanni Sammartini significant?
Symphony
What orchestra was referred to as an army of generals and who conducted it?
The Mannheim Orchestra; Johann Stamitz
What was stamitz’s orchestra known for and what were they?
Mannheim crescendo- a gradual increase from soft to loud
Mannheim rocket- Triadic theme that bursts forth as a rising arpeggio
An accompaniment pattern in which a triad is played successively in arpeggiated form on a keyboard is
Alberti Bass
Johann Cristian Bach was known as the _______ Bach.
London
What term is associated with CPE Bach’s style of playing with great sentiment and expressiveness?
Empfindsamer stil
Bebung can only be accomplished on the ______.
Clavichord
Smooth and graceful style; best represented in JC Bach’s works
Galant
The Viennese School includes which composers?
Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, and Schubert
The single greatest formal innovation of the Enlightenment is ______.
Sonata form
The primary sections of sonata form are:
Exposition, development, recapitulation and sometimes a coda
A form with an opening section which alternates with contrasting sections throughout the movement
Rondo form
