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CardioRespiratory > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

chest discomfort precipitated by movement or exercise suggests what

A

mechanical lesion

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2
Q

which leads view the heart in the frontal plane

A

limb leads

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3
Q

what are the bipolar leads

A

standard limb leads 1 2 3

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4
Q

what happens when cardiac cells are stimulated

A

depolarize

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5
Q

35% of anginas are

A

unstable anginas

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6
Q

what is it called when pain is not revocable

A

referred pain

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7
Q

type of pain that onset at night even when sleeping and wakes you up at night

A

unstable angina

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8
Q

common condition where there is increase pressure built up in the chest

A

pneumothorax

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9
Q

retrosternal pain

A

GERD

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10
Q

if it is not cardiac or GI related the then what is causing chest pain

A

chest dysfunction

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11
Q

isolated systolic HTN most common in patient over 50 years of age with systolic blood pressure greater than 140 mmHG diastolic blood pressure is what

A

<90

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12
Q

increase sympathetic activity predisposes one to blood pressure to increase due to

A

NA retention

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13
Q

high renin HTN results from

A

renal ischemia

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14
Q

dry cough is side affect of what

A

ACE inhibitors

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15
Q

degradation of elastin and collagen fibers alters the arotas ability to accomodate to pulsatile stretch resulting in reduction in what

A

tensile strength

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16
Q

three seconds on the EKG is represented by what on the EKG

A

fifteen large boxes each containing five small boxes

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17
Q

the portion between QRS complex and T wave

A

ST segment

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18
Q

period in the cardiac cycle when cells depolarize by stronger than normal stimulus

A

relative refractory period

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19
Q

elevation of ST segment in the front leads of more than __ is abnormal

A

1 mm

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20
Q

abnormal P waves are taller than

A

2.5mm

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21
Q

ability of cardiac cellls to respond to outside stimulus is known as

A

excitability

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22
Q

inherent rate of pacemaking for the atria

A

60-80 bpm

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23
Q

increase sodium retention predisposes one to blood pressure increase due to

A

increase sympathetic activity

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24
Q

ABI of .8 should be considered consistent

A

mild PAD

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25
Q

dull achy pain comes on after a calf injury - there is pressure in the calf, pain on diorsiflexion, and ankle edema

A

DVT

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26
Q

25% of patients experiencing anterior infarcts commonly show signs of excessive

A

sympathetic activity

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27
Q

leads that view the heart in the horizontal plane

A

chest leads

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28
Q

essential hyertension is most common type of HBP in patients and is classified by systolic pressure > 140 and diastolic pressure of __

A

> 90

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29
Q

what is significant symptom of advanced PAD in lower extremity

A

claudication

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30
Q

what are the reciporcal leads of inferior infarct

A

1 and AVL

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31
Q

left sided heart failure is when the LV is overloaded or weakened resulting to what

A

pulmonary congestion

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32
Q

what type of rhythm is associated with inferior infarct

A

bradycardia

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33
Q

a patient that requires pillows to prop them up to breathe easier are said

A

orthopnea

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34
Q

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is characterized by what type of thickening septum in relation to the walls

A

disproportional

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35
Q

what type of cardiomyopathy causes about 1 in 3 cases of heart failure and may be reversible in pregnancy

A

dilated

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36
Q

what is the most common cause of hemoptysis in the US

A

bronchogenic CA and bronchitis

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37
Q

excessive bronchoconstrictor response to multiple inhaled triggers that would have no effect on normal airways

A

airway hyperresponisiveness

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38
Q

digital clubbing is a feature of

A

lung cancer

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39
Q

pink puffers

A

emphysema

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40
Q

if failing heart has to work harder than usual over a long period of time there will be increased levels of what in the blood

A

BNP - brain naturietic peptide

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41
Q

what type of heart block is characterized by progressive lengthening of the PR interval resulting in an impulse not being conducted is called

A

wenckabach

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42
Q

what type of heart block is characterized by increase in PR interval but is consistent

A

first degree HB

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43
Q

what type of heart block is characterized by looking normal but then drops with no progressive lengthening

A

mobitz 2

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44
Q

when there is no relationship between the P waves and the QRS complex and T waves

A

3rd degree heart block

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45
Q

first degree block is slowing at the __ resulting in prolongation of the PR interval

A

AV node

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46
Q

if the QT interval is prolonged, this increases the duration of the ___ thereby increasing the potential for life threatening arrhythmias

A

relative refractory peroid

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47
Q

the ventricles will respond to chronic hemodynamic overload with development of what

A

hypertrophy

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48
Q

the term refractory HF describes __ response to usual treatments

A

inadequate

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49
Q

which of the following surface of the heart are not directly viewed when using a standard 12 EKG

A

R ventricle and posterior surface of LV

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50
Q

occlusion of circumflex artery may result in ___ infraction

A

lateral

51
Q

infarction of the EKG is indicated by

A

ST elevation

52
Q

the PR segment is prolonged if it is more than __ in duration

A

0.2 sec

53
Q

what is an interval

A

waveform and segment

54
Q

factors that predispose one to thrombus formation

A

hypercoagubility, stasis, and vascular damage

55
Q

ischemia is represented by

A

tall peaked T waves

or inverted T waves

56
Q

basic treatment for hypertension

A

diuretics

57
Q

calcium channel blockers are

A

negative inotropic

58
Q

what is associated with aneurysm

A

cystic median fibrosis

59
Q

poisitive chronotropic factors do what

A

increase heart rate

60
Q

what is assocaited with Buergers disease

A

smoking

61
Q

prolonged standing causes

A

varicosities

62
Q

necrosis/infarct is represented by what on the graph

A

significant Q waves

63
Q

what artery supplies
septum
inferior
lateral

A

septum - LAD
inferior - R coronary
lateral - L circumflex

64
Q

infarct that occurs through thickness of walls

A

transmural infarct

65
Q

what is the line between waves called

A

segment

66
Q

if the primary pacemaker of the heart doesnt fire what fires next

A

atrial muscle cells

67
Q

av junction bpm

A

40-60

68
Q

what detects CO2 and O2 in aorta

A

chemoreceptors

69
Q

depolarization is what kind of event

A

electrical

70
Q

ABI of >1 indicates

A

normal ABI

71
Q

ABI of < .05 indicates

A

severe ischemia

72
Q

ST elevation indicates what on a graph

A

ST elevation

73
Q

what type of heart block has prolongation of PR interval

A

first degree AV bllock

74
Q

what type of heart block has progressive lengthening of the PR interval until the ventriclar beat becomes absent

A

wenckeback or Type 1 second degree AV block

75
Q

what type of heart block has stationary PR interval that drops

A

Type 2 second degree AV block

76
Q

what type of heart block has no relationship between atria and ventricles and everything is out of sync

A

Type 3 second degree AV block

77
Q

criteria for bundle branch block

A

widened QRS complex
RSR wave or M wave
discordant T wave after M wave - T wave in opposite direction

78
Q

the impulse in supraventricular tachycardia originates where

A

above the AV node in atrium

79
Q

normal sinus rhythm

A

60-100

80
Q

sinus arrhythmia with breathing

A

breathe in - increase rate

81
Q

blue bloaters

A

chronic bronchitis

assoiciated with cigarette smoking

82
Q

childhood asthma is associated with

A

immune - allergies

extrinsic

83
Q

adult asthma is associated with

A

autoimmune condition

extrinsic

84
Q

permanent abnormal dilation of the bronchial tree due to chronic infection

A

bronchectasis

85
Q

bronchectasis damages the alveolar sacs in which part of the lungs

A

lower portion of the lungs

86
Q

bronchectasis xray findings

A

curlings lines

circular cavities

87
Q

digital clubbing, spooning of nails, and hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthrioathy occur

A

cogenital heart disease

lung tumor or cancer

88
Q

most common cause of hemoptysis in the world

A

TB

89
Q

causes of myocarditis

A

inflammation of the heart

90
Q

ABI of > or equal to 1

A

normal

91
Q

ABI of < 1

A

mild PAD

92
Q

ABI of < 0.5

A

severe PAD

93
Q

MC cause of RV failure

A

L sided HF

94
Q

what is dilation and hypertrophy of right ventricle in response to COPD and other lung diseases of pulmonary tissue and vcasculature

A

Cor pulmonale

95
Q

therapy for asthma

A

bronchodilators
b2 agonists
anti cholinergics
theophylline

96
Q

syndrome characterized by airway obstruction that varies markedly but spontaneously resolves with treatment

A

asthma

97
Q

is COPD fully reversible

A

no not fully reversible

98
Q

subjective experience of breathing discomfort

A

dyspnea

99
Q

increased acitivity in the controller leads to what

A

hyperventillation

100
Q

disorders of airways leads to

A

increase airway resistance and work of breathing

101
Q

interference in gas exchanger results in

A

pneumonia, pulmonary edema, aspiration

102
Q

what is number 1 factor that prevents lung disease

A

smoking

103
Q

acute cough
subacute
chronic

A

acute - <3 weeks - MC URI
subacute - post infection
chronic - COPD, cancer, smoker

104
Q

afferent receptors for cough

A

CN 5, 9, 10 and superior laryngeal nerve

105
Q

efferent fibers for cough

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve and spinal nerves

106
Q

lung cancer of pleura vs epithelium

A

pleura - mesothelioma

epithelium - bronchiogenic

107
Q

small cell carcinoma vs non small cell carcinoma

A

small cell carcinoma - most aggressive, related to cigarette smoking, metastasis rapidly, sometimes called oat cell carcinoma

non small cell carcinoma - most common lung cancer, 3 types (adenocarcinoma, squamous cell, and large cell), adenocarcinoma is the MC, squamous cell found in R or L main bronchus, squamous cell assocaied with smoking, large cell gows quite quickly

108
Q

majority of patients with inferior infarct exhibit what kind of activity

A

parasympathetic activity

109
Q

systolic dysfunction is caused by ___ activity and leads to ___ hypertrophy

A

aerobic activity

eccentric

110
Q

diastolic dysfunction is caused by ___ activity and leads to ___ hypertrophy

A

anaerobic activity

concentric

111
Q

volume overload occurs in

A

low renin HTN

112
Q

patient presents with pain in back, cough, and hoarsness

A

aneurysm

113
Q

lymphedema tarda occurs in what age

A

35

114
Q

what percent of ER patients present with chest pain

A

5%

115
Q

EH is how many times more likely in african americans compared to whites

A

2x

116
Q

low renin hypertension result from

A

volume overload

117
Q

NSAIDs can lead to HT becuase why

A

cause kidney damage

118
Q

abrupt onset of dyspnea, hemoptysis, tachycardia, tachypnea, hypotension suggests what

A

pulmonary embolism

119
Q

Deep S waves in the right precordial leads and tall R waves in the left precordial leads suggest what

A

left ventricular hypertrophy

120
Q

common pathology associated to aneurysm

A

atherosclerosis

121
Q

severity of symptoms in peripheral artery disease in dependent on what

A

collateral circulation

122
Q

coronary emboli occur

A

rarely in STEMI

123
Q

ST elevation?
tall peaked T waves or inverted T waves?
ST depression?
Abnormal Q waves?

A

ST elevation? injury
tall peaked T waves or inverted T waves? ischemia
ST depression? injury
Abnormal Q waves? necrosis

CardioRespiratory (1 decks)

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