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BIOL 1103 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Complete dominance

A

The dominant allele has the same phenotypic effect whether present in one or two copies

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2
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

The appearance of the heterozygous hybrid falls between the phenotypes of the two homozygous parents

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3
Q

Codominance

A

Both alleles are expressed in heterozygous individuals and neither allele is masked by the other
(Different from incomplete dominance bc each trait in present separately)
(Ex. AB blood type)

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4
Q

Pleiotropy

A

One gene influences multiple characters

Ex. sickle cell anemia

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5
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

Additive effects of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character
(Opposite of pleiotropy)

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6
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

Inheritance of one character has no effect on the inheritance of another
Each pair of alleles sorts independently of other pairs of alleles during gamete formation
Physical basis in the orientation of homologous chromosome pairs in metaphase I

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7
Q

Law of segregation

A

A sperm or egg cell carries only one allele for each inherited character bc alleles pairs separate during the production of gametes
Physical basis in the separation of homologues in anaphase I

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8
Q

Linked genes

A

Genes located on the same chromosome, close together tend to be inherited together
Do not follow law of independent assortment

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9
Q

wild type

A

The traits most common in nature

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10
Q

Recombinant

A

Coming from two or more sources

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11
Q

Testcross

A

a mating between an individual with an unknown genotype with an homozygous recessive individual

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12
Q

Dihybrid

Dihybrid cross

A

heterozygous for both characters (RrYy)

Crossing these individuals with one another

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13
Q

recombination frequency

A

Percentage of recombinant offspring in a generation

In linked genes, most offspring have parental phenotypes but some are recombinant (crossing over of heterozygous alleles)

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14
Q

alleles

A

alternative versions of genes

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15
Q

somatic cell

A

typical body cell containing 46 chromosomes

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16
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

a pair of matching chromosomes that are twins in length and centromere position, carry genes controlling the same inherited characteristics
two chromosomes of a homologous pair may have different versions of the same gene

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17
Q

locus

A

position on a chromosome where a particular gene is

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18
Q

autosomes

A

non sex chromosomes found in 22 pairs in all humans

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19
Q

diploid

A

all body cells contain 23 (in humans) pairs of homologous chromosomes
diploid number = 2n, 2n = 46

20
Q

gametes

A

sex cells containing a single set of chromosomes, 22 autosomes plus a sex chromosome

21
Q

haploid

A

sex cells contain 23 single chromosomes (one member of each homologous pair)
haploid number = n, n = 23

22
Q

fertilization

A

haploid sperm cell fuses with a haploid egg cell

23
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg is diploid, one set of homologous chromosomes from each parent
23 maternal and 23 paternal chromosomes

24
Q

Activator proteins and enhancers

A

Activator proteins bind to other transcription factor proteins and enhancers and then bind as a complex at the genes’ promoter to facilitate the correct attachment of RNA polymerase = increased transcription = increased gene expression

25
Q

Transcription factors

A

proteins that assist eukaryotic RNA polymerase in gene expression

26
Q

Repressor proteins and silencers

A

Repressor proteins bind to DNA sequences called silencers and inhibit the start of transcription = decrease gene expression

27
Q

Photorespiration

A

Plants close their stomata when it is hot and dry to avoid losing water. They can’t bring in CO2 and O2 builds up. Rubisco adds O2 instead of CO2 to RuBP

28
Q

Barr body

A

inactive X chromosome condensed

29
Q

Homeotic gene

A

master control gene that regulates batteries of other genes that actually determine the anatomy of parts of the body

30
Q

Signal transduction pathway

A

series of molecular changes that converts a signal on a target cell’s surface to a specific response inside the cell

31
Q

The Central Dogma of DNA

A

DNA template Strand—>TRANSCRIPTION—> mRNA —> TRANSLATION —> Protein

32
Q

karyotype

A

ordered display of magnified images of an individual’s chromosome arranged in pairs
-produced from dividing cells arrested at metaphase of mitosis

33
Q

Euploid and Aneuplod

A

Normal chromosome number

Cells with extra or missing chromosomes

34
Q

haploid gamete + haploid gamete

A

ziploid

35
Q

unfertilized eggs are….

A

haploid(n)

36
Q

fertilized eggs

A

diploid (2n)

37
Q

trisomy 21

A

down syndrome

when there is an extra chromosome in pair 21

38
Q

nondisjunction

A

failure of chromosomes or chromatids to separate normally during meiosis.
meiosis 1 in anaphase
meiosis 2 in anaphase

39
Q

monohybrid cross

A

cross between 2 individuals differing in a single character

40
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A

Phages DNA remains dormant in the bacteria’s DNA until triggered

41
Q

Lytic cycle

A

The phage DNA hijacks the bacteria DNA to produce phages until there are so many that the bacterial cell lyses and phages live on

42
Q

Transformation

A

One bacteria takes up and crosses over DNA with a dead bacteria

43
Q

Transduction

A

Phages insert another bacteria’s DNA into a different bacteria by accident

44
Q

Conjugation

A

Sex bridge - two bacteria switch DNA

45
Q

Translocation

A

Non homologous chromosome segments swap places - causes leukaemia or some other bad thing

BIOL 1103 (1 decks)

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