Final Flashcards
Lipset Theory
Complex Society
Huntington Thesis on Economic and Political Development
Middle class theory. You get people who have middle class values. Push for inclusion into a political system. Society creates a middle class
Rueschmeyer, Stephens + Stephens
Capitalism leads to democracy because of working class. Workers use power through organization. Modernization shifts class power to working class because lower restrictions on organization
Pzreworski and Limongi
Democratic survival thesis. Happens in different situations, different places, and different times. No need to have capitalistic development for democracy. If democracy is tired and country is rich, democracy will survive. If poor, it won’t survive. In any democratic situation, there are authoritarians lurking around.
NAFTA in Mexico
Very important deal Mexico made because it allowed their development to be driven by the international economy.
Democratization in Mexico
PRI lost power for first time in 1997 election after citizens felt disillusioned with political system. Vicente Fox was the president.
Liberalization
The loosening of restrictions of something, especially in the economy.
Democratization
The development and establishment of a democratic regime in a country
Democratization in Mexico
The government remained rather restrictive even after NAFTA was implemented. Mexico had a free market economy, but it still wasn’t fully democratic. Democratization is when the nation moves towards a democracy. You don’t need a democracy necessarily to have liberalization.
Democratic Consolidation
How a democracy matures in a way that will not revert it back to authoritarianism
Chiapas Rebellion
A guerrilla movement EZLN took over four towns in Chiapas. They demanded land, democracy, indigenous rights, and the repeal of NAFTA.
Narco-drug war
Felipe Calderón used the police and military to fight the cartels in Mexico. Many civilians have been killed, and there is a general fear in the nation. The reason why Nieto is favored is because he promises less violence in the streets when fighting cartels. The US government has been helping fight this as well
Hypothesis
An empirical implication of a theory positing a relationship between two variables
Empirical
Observable by one of the five senses
Operationalization
How one empirically measures a variable
Case Study
Study a single instance of a phenomenon. Propose hypothesis. Test earlier if it’s a critical case
Critical Case Study
Where a well supported hypothesis does not hold. Argentina had a relatively high GDP when the military took power. Why?
Large N Study
Many cases, usually over 8
Small N Study
Comparison of a few cases (2 to 8)
Most Similar Research Design
Most of key independent variables are same but one independent is different and the dependent variable is different.
Most Different Research Design
Most independent variables are different. One key independent variable is the same. Dependent variables are the same
Russian Political Culture
Authoritarian tradition. Strong leaders. Closed politics. Collective society. Fear of chaos
Executive Branch (Russia)
President and Prime Minister. Two 6 year terms. President appoints PM. Duma must approve appointment. Could make presidential edicts (law).
Federal Assembly
Legislative branch of Russia. Federation Council is the upper. Duma is the lower
Federation Council
2 representatives from each subunit. Couldn’t serve locally and federally (2000). President appoints each one—list of 3 names (2004). Locals nominate leaders, but they must be approved by local legislatures (2013).
Duma
450 members in total. 225 SMPD, 225 PR (1993-2005,2013-present). In 2005, it was changed to 100% PR, no coalitions allowed. United Russia is the party in power. Can reject PM nomination, but President can dissolve Duma. Override presidential veto with 2/3 or vote. Revoke presidential decrees
Perestroika
Restructuring. Pushing economic decision making in Russia
Glasnost
Openness. Critique government. Free speech and free press.
Gorbachev
Led democratization in 1988. There was a communist coup attempt against him in 1991, but Yeltsin protected him.
Boris Yeltsin
President of Russia 1991-2000. Nominated Putin as PM. Resigned 3 months early so Putin could have advantage in the election.
“Economic shock treatment”
Privatization led to a concentration of wealth under Yeltsin. Russia became an oligarchy where the “family” was tied to Yeltsin. Free markets, bankruptcies, unemployment in Russia.
Crony Capitalism
In order to succeed in the economy is to know the people in the government. AKA you gotta know Putin
United Russia
Putin’s Party. 50-75% of vote won in each election
Communist Party
Led by Zyuganov. Gets less than 20% of the vote each election.
Just Russia
Center-left socialist party. Gets 15% Of vote.
Political Culture of Mexico
A revolutionary attitude. Strongly nationalist. Clientelism
President of Mexico
Enrique Peña Nieto is President. 6 year term. Member of PRI (Partido Revolucionario Institucional)
PRI
Most popular political party in Mexico. Was in power from 1929-2000. Elections up until 1976 were rigged in a pseudo-democracy. 24 transition period occurred. PAN Party ran 2000-2006 and 2006-2012.
Mexican Executive Branch
President uses cabinet members to garner support. Cabinet members of PRI presidents in the past tended to be his successors. President can also appoint other positions in the government.
Mexican Military
The Military is very powerful in Mexican politics. After 1946, the military had no representation in the PRI, so there has not been a military president since. It has been called in multiple times to deal with civil and domestic unrest. Citizens fear that the military will become politicized when used domestically.
Mexican Legislature
Bicameral. Senate and Chamber of Deputies. SMPD System. Dominated by PRI. Lost power in 2006 election, but regained it in 2009. Elections every 3 years.
Mexican Senate
Upper House. 128 senators 3 for each of 31 states, 3 from the federal district, 32 elected nationally in a PR system. 6 year terms.
Chamber of Deputies
Mexican lower house. 500 members. 300 electoral districts. 300 in SMPD. 200 on PR.
Modernization Theory
Society goes step by step into advanced societies.
Traditional Society
Limited output. Agricultural. Small elite. No science or technology.
Preconditions for Take Off
Science and tech. Increase productivity in agriculture. Entrepreneurs. Effective state (bureaucracies from around merit)
Take-off
Lasts 40 years. Urbanization. Broader technologies. Wealth spread to investors and factory owners. Agriculture is commercialized. Savings rate goes from 5%-10%. Liberal democracy
Drive to Maturity
Savings rate up to 20%. Wealth output outstrips population growth. Industry is now the main focus. Produce what you want.
High Mass Consumption.
Industrial base dominates economy. Durables (stuff you use more than once). Specialization. Welfare. Larger families.
Dependency Theory
Dual society (rich and poor). Underdevelopment. The economy is smaller than it should be since they created wealth. Bigger countries take the growth from smaller. Price of manufactured goods go up faster than agricultural. Rich countries get rich because they can get wealth from other nations
First Republic of Nigeria
Westminister model. Established 1963-1966. Political parties based off of ethnic groups. Britain still had control.
Prebendalism
Practice of appointing individuals to state positions in order to enrich themselves and to carry out clientelism
Number of military governments
6 military governments in Nigeria
Number of republics in Nigeria
Four republics
Fifth military government
1985-1992. General Babadinga. IMF had control
IMF
International Monetary Fund. An IGO. Goal is to stabilize exchange rates. Big countries can control smaller countries this way.
Sixth Military Government
1993-1998. General Abacha. Not afraid to kill ethnic leaders. Siphoned off $2 bullion to Switzerland. Ruthless ruler.
Fourth Republic of Nigeria
1999-present. Buhari is first president of opposite party to win an election in this republic.
Consociationalism
Lijphart. Set of institutional arrangements hat protect or benefit minority groups. Can have in a democracy (goes beyond majority rules). Works as welfare. Presidential election needs 50% + 1. 25% of vote in 2/3 of States. Cabinet has to have one rep from each state.
Ethnofederalism
Hale. Could lead to stronger identities (secession). Autonomy, representation, and voice. If core ethnic group is 50% or 20% or more than the next biggest group, secession is most likely going to happen
Litz + Stephon (1996)
Asks how democratic consolidation happens. Needs an attitude change. People need to not favor authoritarianism. Institutional changes. Government needs to feel accountable. Behavioral changes. No coup plotting or corruption in government.
Two-Turnover Rule
Huntington. Party A -> Party B -> Party A. If this happens, it’ll be a democracy
