Final Flashcards
Where did the Carthaginians reside?
Island of Sicily located off the coast of Italy.
How many Roman fleets were wiped out by the Carthaginians?
Three fleets were sent out without trying any means of negotiations.
Which Roman fleet defeated the Carthaginians to end the first Punic War and name the territories acquired by the Romans.
The 4th Roman fleet defeated the Carthaginians and they acquired the territories: Carthage, Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica.
Why did the Punic Wars begin?
Both Rome and Carthage wanted control of strategically placed islands like Sicily and Corsica.
Who was Hannibal?
Carthage great military general who marched 40,000 men through Spain/Gaul and invaded Italy from the North.
Which battle famously had over 50,000 Roman casualties?
Battle of Cannae
Which Roman General took back Spain and Gaul from Carthage and turned the tables on Hannibal?
Scipio
What battle was Hannibal defeated at?
Battle of Zama which ended Carthage’s power.
What was the Persian War?
Two wars fought between the Greeks and Persia.
What was the cause for the Persian Wars?
Ionia was a Greek territory in Persia and Persia was ready to gain more land so they decided to start conquering as much land as possible. The Greeks in Ionia revolted and started the war.
Who was the first main king in Persia?
King Darius
What was the intention of the first Persian War?
To defeat Athens and completely change their government.
Where did Athens stand their ground and mount a defense against the Persians?
Battle of Marathon
Defeat for the Persians
Who succeeded Kind Darius as king?
Xerxes
Who launches an all out invasion to conquer all of Greece.
Explain the 2nd Persian War.
Sparta and Athens uniting to lead the Greeks against the Persians who were lead by Xerxes.
What was the famous battle at which the Persians defeat the Spartans?
Battle of Thermopylae
Persians flanked them
What did Athens do when the Spartans were defeated?
They fled from their city and went to war at sea.
What battle was the turning point for the Athenians?
Battle of Salamis
Persians began to withdraw.
What was one specific battle where the Spartans had defeated the Persians?
Battle of Platea
Who were the Presbyters?
Those in charge of local churches and communities.
Who were the bishops?
Above the presbyters. Overseer for larger territory.
How many bishops can you have per Diocese?
1
Who were the Patriarchs?
Leaders who would meet up and make decisions for the Church.
Who was the Pope?
Could make decisions on his own.
Supposedly inherited Peters authority
Name the two groups that the Catholic Church split into and why.
Roman Catholic Church
Eastern Orthodox
They split due to differences in wanting to follow the Pope.
Primus Inter Pares
First Among Equals
What is Petrine Theory?
The theory that Peter bestowed the keys to the kingdom to the next Pope and so on and that they are the rock of the church.
Arianism
The belief that Jesus was not as divine as God
Council of Nicaea
This is where issues in the church would be discussed.
Arianism was considered a Heresy.
Origin of Nicene Creed where it states the summary of ones faith
Who were the two church fathers and why are they known as that?
Jerome - translated the Bible into Latin. Vulgate translation.
Augustine - lived during the collapse of Rome.
Was a bishop.
Wrote the Confessions and City of God
Eastern Rome thrived and kept on for 1000 years known as what empire?
Byzantine Emire
Byzantine Emperor Justinian spent most of his reign doing what?
Trying to regain the old territory lost in the west to regain Rome’s legacy.
His plan failed once he passed.
But he left behind his Justinian Code as a law for reference
Corpus Juris Civilis
Body of Civil Law
What is the Quran?
The Islamic book which is supposed to be a guide to life written by God himself in Arabic.
Meaning of Muslim.
One who has submitted their life in return for peace.
What is Jesus seen as in the Islamic faith?
A prophet
What are the 5 pillars of Islam?
1) There is one God and Mohammed is his prophet.
2) Charity - giving to those less fortunate
3) Obligation to prayer - must pray five times a day towards Mecca
4) Fasting - Month of Ramadan no food from sun up to sun down
5) Make at least one pilgrimage to Mecca in your lifetime
Who was the Caliph?
Leader of the faithful in the Islamic faith
Who was the first Caliph?
Abu Bakr
Unified the Muslim people
What were the first four caliphs known as?
Righteous Ones
When the religion was “pure”
When the Arabs embarked on a path of conquest, what did they conquer?
Persia, Syria, Mesopotamia region, all the way to Egypt and charged a non Muslim tax fee.
Explain the split in the Islamic religion in detail.
Hassan - direct Descendent of Mohammed and recognized by few to be the Caliph - Shi’a Muslims 10%
Muawiyya - Governor of Syria as recognized Caliph - Sunni Muslims 90% He moved the religion from Medina to Damascus
The Umayyad Dynasty was based in Damascus and eventually replaced by what Dynasty and moved to where?
Anassid Dynasty that was moved to Baghdad
Islam would reach its peak during this Dynasty
Who were the Mongols?
Conquerors out of Central Asia
Describe the Franks.
Their early King was Clovis.
Began in Northeastern France.
United the Franck kingdom and expanded them to modern day France.
Mass converted to Catholicism.
Which Dynasty came after Clovis for the Franks?
Merovingian Dynasty
Which Dynasty came after the Merovingian Dynasty for the Franks?
Carolingian Dynasty
Franks would reach peak during this Dynasty through territory and power
Who was Charles Martel?
Mayor of the Palace.
Known for Battle of Tours and Battle of Poiters
Defeated the Muslim army.
Decided religion for the region.
Who was Charlemagne?
Charles the Great.
Extended kingdom even further for the Franks.
Known for strength and being big.
Missi Diminici
King’s Messengers
What was Charlemagne’s focus?
Scholarly focus and the uprising of schools which increased literacy rates in EU.
Carolingian Minuscule
Type of writing which made copying work easier. Introduced upper and lower case letters.
Renaissance
Rebirth of knowledge and learning.
Charlemagne’s greatest legacy and crowned by Pope as Emperor of New Rome while the real Emperor was in Constantinople
What was caused due to the death of Louis the Pious?
A split within the Frankish kingdom into 3 parts.
What was the Treaty of Verdun?
Lothair- northern Italy to Netherlands (in the middle)
Louis the German- modern day Germany
Charles the Bald- modern day France
Strasbourg Oaths
Treaty between Louis the German and Charles the Bald
2 versions
1 in French
1 in German
Feudalism
Barter economy
Lords and land owners
Vikings
Masters of ships and sailing
Sea Technology experts
