final Flashcards
DSLR stands for
digital single lens reflex
in-camera (internal) light meters…
read reflected light
hand held light meters
- reads incident light when dome is in use
.2 can read reflected light off a gray card when dome is not in use
a 200 mm lens can also be called a
telephoto lens
a 28-80 mm lens can also be called a
zoom lens
the smaller an aperture opening
the greater the depth of field
the longer the shutter speed, the more likely a subject will be
blurred
one disadvantage of a focal plane shutter is
they will not sync with a flash at faster shutter speeds
100 ISO…
is slower than 200 ISO
an image’s sharpness can be affected by
focus, aperture, shutter speed and lens quality
The best way to reduce camera shake is to…
- use a tripod
- use a cable release
- use the camera’s mirror lock up
a twin lens reflex
uses two lens and is a medium format camera
a rangefinder
is a film camera that has a window separate from the lens from which you view the scene.
When using a hand held light meter to read incident light…
the meter’s photo cell should be pointed toward the camera
T/F- zone focusing only works with auto focus cameras
false
T/F- Hyper focal distance is the closest point you can use when hand holding your camera in low light.
false
hyper focal distance
the distance to the nearest object in focus when the lens is focused on infinity. setting the lens to focus on this distance instead of on infinity will keep the fartherst objects in focus as well as extend DOF
wide angle lenses have a short or long focal length?
short focal length
wide angle lenses have a short or long focal length?
short focal length
are telephoto and zoom lenses the same thing?
no, tho they can overlap. telephoto is a lens w a longer focal length than average (over 100mm). a zoom lens can vary its focal length and never approach a long focal length (ex. 35-50 mm)
Using an incident light meter at the subject, the dome should be pointed toward the
camera
f/16 @ 1/125th of a second is an equivalent exposure to f/11 @…
1/250
the light of open shade is typically
cooler, because the sun is out of sight so the only light is the light being reflected from BLUE skies
f/8 @ 1/60th of a second is an equivalent exposure to f/11 @
1/30
f/5.6 @ 1/500th of a second is an equivalent exposure to f/16 @
1/60
fast lens
has a larger maximum aperture (that is, a smaller minimum f-number) is called a “fast lens” because it can achieve the same exposure with a faster shutter speed
EX: A 50mm f/1.4 lens is faster than an 18-55mm f/3.5-5.6 lens bc 1.4 is smaller than 3.5
the smaller the ISO number, the
slower it is. example: 100 is slower than 200. 200 is slower than 400.
T/F- the shutter affects exposure by the length of time it stays open.
true
T/F- the shutter affects exposure by the length of time it stays open.
true
sunny 16 rule
when at f/16, match your iso to shutter speed (EX. iso 100 ss 1/100)
a Stop is
a change in exposure by a factor of two. 1 stop lighter means twice as much light
focal plane shutters can be found on
35 MM SLR and DSLR cameras
which one has more contrast, direct sunlight or open shade
direct sunlight
the smaller the aperture number…
the larger the size of the opening. f 2 is wide open, f22 is a pinhole.
lens flare is caused when
bright light such as the sun shines directly onto the front of the lens, creating unwanted reflections within the lens.
panning is
when you pivot the camera to keep the subject sharp within the frame while blurring the scene in the background
T/F- The amount of light passing through a lens at f/16 is double the amount at f/8.
false. the amount of light passing through a lens at f/16 is less than that of f/8. the amount of light passing thru f/8 is double the amount of f/11. the amount of lighting passing thru f/11 is double the amount of f/16
A shutter speed of 1/250th of a second exposes the film/sensor to ___ as much light as 1/500th
twice. the slower the shutter speed, the more light
T/F- Shading or flagging the lens is a good way to control lens flare.
true
T/F- Metering a grey card works only if you take a reflected light meter reading.
true
T/F- To reduce the chance of camera shake when handholding your camera, you should avoid using a shutter speed any slower than the focal length of the lens.
true
The Bulb setting
is used for shutter speeds longer than 30 seconds.
The smaller the aperture size, the ___ the depth of field.
greater the depth of field. subject AND background are in focus. smaller aperture size= higher numbers, like f/16+
The shorter a lens’ focal length, the ___ its field of view
wider
T/F- Back lighting is a good way to minimize len flare
false
The ___ a lens’ focal length, the shorter it’s depth of field.
longer
T/F- An incident light meter is good for metering overall lighting of a scene
true
The ____ you are from your subject, the greater the depth of field.
further
The ____ you are from your subject, the greater the depth of field.
further
The aperture size at f/4 is ___ than it would be at f/11
larger
When compared to a “normal” focal length lens, long lenses typically have the following characteristic(s)…
- heavier
- slower
- have a shallow depth of field
- more expensive
When compared to a “normal” lens, short focal-length lenses…
- are easier to focus
- have a greater depth of field
- have a wider field of view
When compared to a fixed focal-length lens, zoom lenses (of similar quality level)…
- are usually more expensive
- not as sharp
- heavier
- have vignetting
To increase the depth of field in a shot you can
- use a shorter focal-length lens
- use a smaller aperture
- step back from your subject
Lenses are typically sharpest when…
the aperture is stopped down two to three stops from the lens’ maximum aperture
A moving subject will appear more blurred when using…
a slower shutter speed
An aperture of f/8…
- is two stops brighter than f/16
- is two stops darker than f/4
- is close to the sharpest aperture setting for many kit lenses
- can be a good all around aperture for balancing depth of field and stable shutter speed in daylight situations
Characteristics of back light…
- it tends to show texture very well
- it can be difficult to meter properly
- it often causes lens flare if you’re not careful
Diffused light…
- is usually not very difficult to meter properly
- works well for portraiture when you want to minimize skin wrinkles and blemishes
- tends to show less contrast than direct light
A reflected light meter reading…
- is more apt to give false readings in the snow on a sunny day
- is most accurate when using a grey card
An aperture of f/4…
- allows half as much light to pass through a lens than f/2.8
- will have slightly greater depth of field than f/2.8
polarizing filter
- cuts surface reflections (must be shot at 40 deg angle from reflection)
- increases saturation
- darkens blue sky (must be shot at a 90 deg angle from sun)
neutral density gradient filter
- doesnt cut reflection
- doesnt cut haze
- narrows exposure gap by placing a filter a few stops darker over an area of the shot that is lighter than the rest of the photo (ex: skies)
- reduces exposure in part of photo
inverse square law
every time you double the distance between you and the subject, the subject receives 1/4 of the light. it’s exponential
when using flash, your shutter speed
doesnt matter, as long as you’re using a shutter speed thats at the sync speed or longer
fill flash
is when you expose for the background and then use the flash to light your subject
to avoid red eye
move the light above the lens
RAW vs JPG
raw contains all visual info that your camera is ale to record (JPG does not)
flash exposure is a combo of
flash power and aperture, whereas ambient exposure is a combo of shutter speed and aperture
when calculating for equivalent exposures
when you go lighter on the aperture, you must go the same amount of stops darker on shutter speed (and when you go darker on the aperture you go lighter on shutter speed).
the prereq for all digital classes is
photo 5, aka lightroom
the prereq for all film classes is
photo 2, aka b&w lab
the class for news photos is
photo 13 and has no prereqs
the complementary color circle is
star of david, then Young Girls Can Be More Romantic. Yellow Green Cyan Blue Magenta Red
the additive system of primaries
adds red, green, and blue to black (ex phones and tvs)
the subtractive system of primaries
subtracts yellow, cyan, and magenta from white
light is measured by
kelvin. the red/warm end starts at 2400k and then the higher the temperature, the bluer/cooler it is.
qualities of lightroom
allows u to use non-destructive editing, batch processing
aperture full stops
1.4 2 2.8 4 5.6 8 11 16 22
shutter full stops
1 1/2 1/4 1/8 1/15 1/30 1/60 1/25 1/250 1/500 1/1000 1/2000
reflected light
measures the light reflecting off your subject, and the color and value (how dark of light your subject is) affects your reading, requiring evaluation and experience to accurately apply this information. either face hand held meter w camera toward scene, or it is already built into the camera. no dome, grey card recommended
incident light
measures the light falling on your subject and how light or dark the subject is has no affect on the exposure reading. place light meter where subject is and point dome toward camera. quicker than reflected
view cameras
have an accordion like body and are large format
