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Comm St 11 > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is not one of the rules one should follow when creating a preparation outline?
A. Speech should not be written like an essay
B. There should only be one sentence per symbol
C. There is no need to include proper citation
D. Each symbol in the outline should be followed by a full sentence

A

C, Outlines need proper citation

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2
Q

T/F: Citing a startling statistic is not a good way to gain the audience’s attention because you should save all statistics for the body paragraphs.

A

False, statistics are great attention getters

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3
Q

The very last thing you should do when concluding your speech is

A

make a statement that’ll grab audience attention

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4
Q

What is the difference between preparation outlines vs speaking outlines?

A

Prep has full sentences whereas a speaking outline doesn’t have full sentences, only includes necessary information

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5
Q

Define a thesis statement

A

A carefully worded one sentence encapsulation of exactly what you will cover in your speech

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6
Q

List 3 parts of a transition between main points

A

Internal summary, signposts, and internal previews

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7
Q

Clincher

A

final statement of speech

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8
Q

Three key tenets to outlining:

A

Subordination (hierarchies), coordination (same significance on each level), and division (if a point is divided into subpoints there must be 2 or more subpoints)

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9
Q

3 Communication models

A

linear, interactive, and transactional

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10
Q

linear model of communication

A

theory that views communication as a one-way process in which a source conveys an encoded message to a receiver, who then decodes that message. includes the sender who encodes, the receiver who decodes, the message, and noise.

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11
Q

interactive model of communication

A

theory that views communication as a two-way process that includes feedback and environment. in addition to the components of the linear mode, it includes feedback, context, and the channel

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12
Q

Transactional model of communication

A

Theory that views communication as a constant process in which all parties simultaneously play the role of sender and receiver. in addition to the components of the interactive mode, it includes environment and excludes feedback, bc in this model, both participants are sending the messages

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13
Q

source

A

the person responsible for inventing the idea on which they intend to speak

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14
Q

encoding

A

when a speaker takes an abstract notion and gives it meaning

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15
Q

message

A

the content or idea that the source conveys to the audience

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16
Q

channel

A

the medium through which an encoded message is transmitted from source to receiver

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17
Q

receiver

A

the person or audience that a message is being transmitted to

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18
Q

decoding

A

when the receiver the draws meaning from the symbols that were used to encode a message

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19
Q

noise

A

anything that can interfere with the reception of a message. internal/external, physical/psychological

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20
Q

feedback

A

the receiver’s response to a message. this is present in the interactive model of communication, but not present in the linear model (bc that one is basic) or in transactional (bc rather than having a sender/receiver, participants are both sender/receiver and cyclically send message to one another)

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21
Q

environment

A

the context in which the communication process takes place. this is present in the transactional model of comm

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22
Q

physical effects of communication apprehension

A

rise in blood pressure, shortness of breath, galvanic skin tightening, and sweat

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23
Q

plagiarism

A

taking the intellectual achievements of another person and presenting them as your own

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24
Q

global plagiarism

A

taking an entire piece of work and presenting it as your own

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25
Q

incremental plagiarism

A

using parts of someone else’s work and not citing it as a source

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26
Q

patchwork plagiarism

A

taking ideas from more than one piece of work and putting them together in a new piece of work, then presenting that as original work without giving credit to the original sources

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27
Q

patchworking

A

taking original source material and changing a few words but not enough to consider it a paraphrase, all the while not citing original source material

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28
Q

hearing

A

the physiological process of capturing sound conducted by ears to the brain

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29
Q

listening

A

the process of receiving and interpreting spoken and/or nonverbal messages

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30
Q

culture

A

the collective programming of the mind distinguishing the members of one group or category of people from another

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31
Q

co-culture

A

a variety of smaller specific cultures that intersect in our lives

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32
Q

low-context cultures

A

culture where meaning is derived mostly from the language used in interaction, not so much from nonverbal

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33
Q

high-context cultures

A

culture where meaning is derived from nonverbal expressions, environment, and situation, with less emphasis on actual words

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34
Q

race

A

a set of physical characteristics shared by a group of people, such as skin color, body type, facial structure, and hair color (white, asian, black, etc)

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35
Q

ethnicity

A

a group of people who identify w each other based on a common experience, which may include geographic or national origin, ancestry, history, etc. (culture, ex latino)

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36
Q

general purpose statement

A

brief statement representing what you aim to do with the speech

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37
Q

specific purpose statement

A

a narrower version of the general purpose statement that identifies what you will talk about and what you hope the audience will take away from the speech

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38
Q

boolean operator

A

using words such as “and”, “but,” and “or” when searching terms

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39
Q

demographics

A

categories of definable characteristics of groups of people, such as age, race, religion, socioeconomic status, education level, and sexual orientation

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40
Q

three different types of supporting materials for a speech

A

examples, statistics, and testimonies

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41
Q

3 components of a speaking environment

A

physical location, speaking tools, and speaker themself

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42
Q

artistic proofs

A

constructed by the speaker for the occasion, includes ethos, pathos, and logos

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43
Q

ethos

A

credibility of a speaker

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44
Q

pathos

A

the emotional dimensions of the appeal

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45
Q

logos

A

the logical organization of an appeal

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46
Q

inartistic proofs

A

all evidence, data, and documents that exist outside of the speaker and the audience but still aid in persuasion

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47
Q

VOIP

A

Voice Over Internet Protocol, allows for voice and images to be sent live over the web to another person. (ex skype)

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48
Q

deductive reasoning

A

an argument that reasons from known premises to an inevitable conclusion. general -> specific

49
Q

categorical syllogism

A

the argument is based on the membership of a group

EX: Major premise- all men are mortal. Minor premise- Socrates is a man. Conclusion- Socrates is mortal

50
Q

Disjunctive syllogism

A

the major premise includes two or more mutually exclusive alternatives.
EX: Major premise- this key will unlock either my house or my car. Minor premise- the key does not unlock my house. Conclusion- Therefore, this key unlocks my car

51
Q

conditional syllogism

A

a syllogism in which the major premise contains a hypothetical condition and its outcome.
EX: Major premise- If I take the bus home, then i will save money on transportation. Minor premise- I will take the bus home. Conclusion- Therefore, I will save money on transportation

52
Q

inductive reasoning

A 
an argument that comes to a probable, instead of an absolute, conclusion.
EX: 75% of students support a fee -> class with 20 students -> 15 support, 5 don't
53
Q

forms of reasoning

A

cause, example, analogy, and sign

54
Q

reasoning by cause

A

arguments that claim one event or factor produces an effect

55
Q

necessary cause

A

arguments in which a cause must be present for an effect to happen
EX: It must be lower than 32F for water to freeze

56
Q

sufficient cause

A

a cause that can produce the effect in question

EX: Decapitation is sufficient to produce death but is not necessary for death to occur

57
Q

reasoning by example

A 
process of inferring general conclusions and making general claims from specific cases
EX: biology class was hard, chemistry class was hard, astronomy class was hard, therefore science classes are hard for me
58
Q

reasoning by analogy

A

comparing two similar cases in order to argue that what is true in one case is also true in another

59
Q

literal analogies

A

when the two cases being compared are classified the same way
EX: Arguing a crime prevention tactic effectively used at one school should be adopted at your school bc the student pop and environment are similar

60
Q

figurative analogies

A

when the two cases being compared are from completely different occasions
EX: a businessperson would make a good elected official

61
Q

reasoning by sign

A

occurs when the presence of one thing indicates the presence of another.
EX: if you see smoke in the air, there’s a fire

62
Q

reasoning fallacies

A
  1. ad hominem
  2. ad verecundiam
  3. slippery slope
  4. non sequitur
  5. straw man
  6. hasty generalization
  7. either-or
  8. false cause
  9. red herring
  10. begging the question
63
Q

inform

A

make the audience aware of a phenomenon

64
Q

explain

A

deepen the audience’s understanding of that phenomenon

65
Q

types of informative speeches

A

speeches about objects, processes, events, and concepts

66
Q

organizational patterns for informative speeches

A

chronological, cause-effect, problem-solution, spatial, topical

67
Q

elucidating explanation

A

distinguishes the essential characteristics that are always present from the associated characteristics that are only sometimes present in the examples of the term you’re defining

68
Q

quasi-scientific explanation

A

helps audience get an overall picture of the phenomenon and see relationships among the parts. includes (1) a graphic and (2) verbal organizational cues that indicate relationships among the parts of the phenomenon

69
Q

transformative explanations

A

help the audience transform their everyday ideas about how something works into a more scientifically accurate understanding of the phenomenon. includes (1) acknowledgement of lay theory, (2) acknowledgement of why lay theory is plausible, (3) explain why lay theory is incorrect, (4) explain the real theory

70
Q

stages in the persuasive process

A
  1. issue awareness
  2. comprehension
  3. acceptance
  4. integration
71
Q

types of credibility

A

initial, derived, and terminal

72
Q

types of persuasive speeches

A

question of fact, question of value, question of policy, and refutation

73
Q

Monroe’s motivated sequence

A
  1. Attention
  2. Need
  3. Satisfaction
  4. Visualization
  5. Call to action
74
Q

how to adapt to a favorable audience

A

increase volume and tone of voice to mirror enthusiasm

75
Q

how to adapt to a neutral audience

A

elaborate on issue and connect it to your audience’s lives

76
Q

how to adapt to a hostile audience

A

establish common ground, be engaging, enthusiastic, and relaxed

77
Q

commemorative speech

A

celebrates a person, event, object, or idea. has more colorful language, more emotional, less rigid organization

78
Q

types of commemorative speeches

A

eulogy, toast, presenting/receiving award, graduation

79
Q

4 characteristics of language

A

arbitrary (words have no real connection to what they represent), ambiguous (imprecise), abstract (not concrete/tangible), hierarchical (structured)

80
Q

4 modes of speech delivery

A

memorized, manuscript, impromptu, extemporaneous

81
Q

components of verbal delivery

A
  1. pronunciation
  2. articulation
  3. volume
  4. pitch
  5. rhythm
  6. rate
  7. tone
  8. vocalized pauses
82
Q

components of physical delivery

A
  1. apparel
  2. posture
  3. facial expressions
  4. eye contact
  5. gestures
83
Q

functions of physical delivery

A
  1. repeating
  2. accenting
  3. complementing
  4. substituting
  5. regulating
84
Q

repeating (gesture)

A

when physical actions restate verbal messages.

EX: call audience member by name, THEN point

85
Q

accenting (gesture)

A

emphasizes message content through accent.

EX: pound on lectern as you make strong statements

86
Q

complementing (gesture)

A

when the gesture mirrors what you say.

EX: smiling when amused, shrugging when saying idk

87
Q

substituting (gesture)

A

physical actions that take the place of verbal messages

EX: wave instead of saying hello

88
Q

regulating (gesture)

A

controls flow of communication, indicate when other people should respond.
EX: indicate space for response by leaning back in chair and raising eyebrows, indicate you want to talk by raising your hand

89
Q

stages of practice

A

organization, feedback, refining

90
Q

group presentation formats

A

bookend group presentation and panel group presentation

91
Q

bookend group presentation

A

group presentation in which the first speaker is also the last speaker, providing both the intro and conclusion

92
Q

panel group presentation

A

group presentation in which individual speakers present their ideas on a single topic or subset. individual performances, agree/disagree, audience participation, moderated

93
Q

group roles

A

maintenance and task

94
Q

task roles

A

parts people play that move a group toward a goal and are performed by all members at one time or another.
EX: note taker, compiler, logistics coordinator, meeting facilitator

95
Q

maintenance roles

A

involves maintaining a positive and loose environment with well functioning relationships between group members so group can complete its tasks.
EX: joking, attending events together

96
Q

3 main leadership styles

A

democratic, laissez-faire, authoritative

97
Q

democratic leadership

A

solicits input from members and makes decisions through collaboration

98
Q

laissez-faire leadership

A

hands-off, gives group a task

99
Q

authoritative leadership

A

gives group a task and expects it to be done, provides direction.

100
Q

coercive leadership

A

tells other what to do and expects it to be done. stifles creativity and participation

101
Q

affiliative leadership

A

leader is flexible, encouraging, focuses on building relationships and trust

102
Q

pacesetting leadership

A

sets high standards for expectations and sets an example by achieving those high standards

103
Q

coaching leadership

A

focuses on helping individual team members grow through training and feedback

104
Q

speaking tools

A

device that assists speakers, such as microphone, podium, lectern, or lighting

105
Q

4 listening purposes

A

appreciation, comprehension, support, critical

106
Q

2 ways to listen

A

active and passive

107
Q

4 parts of oral citation

A
  1. publication or type of source
  2. date
  3. author name
  4. credentials
108
Q

types of examples

A

real/hypothetical and brief/extended

109
Q

communication apprehension

A

an individuals level of fear/anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication with another person(s)

110
Q

components of speech intro

A
  1. attention getter
  2. background
  3. relevance
  4. credibility
  5. thesis
  6. preview main points
111
Q

ethics

A

involve morals and the specific moral choices to be made

112
Q

organizational patterns for persuasive speeches

A

problem-solution, problem-cause-solution, 3 points

113
Q

self fulfilling prophecy

A

convincing yourself that something is going to happen before it does, thus leading to the occurrence of what you originally predicted

114
Q

how do you combat communication apprehension?

A
  1. practice
  2. employ relaxation techniques (mindfulness and awareness)
  3. visualize success
  4. dialogue w audience
  5. systematic desensitization
  6. send your self critic on break. believe in your abilities
115
Q

components of speech conclusion

A
  1. conclusion
  2. restate thesis
  3. review main points
  4. memorable closer
116
Q

reasons you might not to memorize your speech

A
  1. may sound awkward or robotic
  2. you might forget it
  3. no room to adapt
117
Q

powerpoint guidelines

A
  1. white background w dark lettering maintains its intensity better than a black background w white lettering
  2. avoid serif, small, or script fonts such as times new roman. opt for sans serif
  3. include url in notes section
  4. send 1 big message per slide
  5. include blank slides when you’re not directly incorporating a slide
  6. limit bullet points 4 lines w no more than 5 words per line
118
Q

ladder of abstraction

A

describes the way that humans think and communicate in varying degrees of abstraction. bottom represents concrete things, top represents abstract things, middle represents in between. speaking at one level of abstraction is ineffective and results in unbalanced argument.
Example ladder: bottom is “PBJ sandwich,” middle is “sandwich,” top is “nutrition”

Comm St 11 (1 decks)

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