final

Question 1

I Period

Answer 1

Primaeval times - 19th century: only removal of injured parts

Question 2

II Period

Answer 2

From discovery of narcosis (1846) - 1960: removal of injured parts and their reconstruction, sepsis, antisepsis, blood groups and development of intensive therapy

Question 3

III Period

Answer 3

From 1960-now

Question 4

Hippocrates

Answer 4

5th century BC: founder of rational empiric therapy

Question 5

Joseph Priestly

Answer 5

discovered laughing gas (N20/nitrous oxide)

Question 6

Humphry Davy

Answer 6

determined nitrous oxide for surgical anesthesia

Question 7

William Morton

Answer 7

American dentist who first publicly demonstrated the use of inhaled ether as a surgical anesthetic in 1846

Question 8

Ether day

Answer 8

16th of october, 1846: first public demonstration of surgical inervention in which patient was narcotized by ether

Question 9

Oliver Holmes

Answer 9

Introduced the conception of anesthesia in 1847

Question 10

Ignác Semmelweis

Answer 10

In 1847 introduced compulsory hand washing with chlorinated lime to prevent Puerperal fever (death decreased from 30 to 1%). He recognized that: the corpuscles from the dead body could enter into the blood stream (ex. Kolletschka)

Question 11

János Balassa

Answer 11

the first in hungary to apply ether narcosis

Question 12

Louis Pastaur

Answer 12

Germ theory 1860, he also assumed that microscopic particles, which are originated from the surrounding tissues cause wound infection and pus formation

Question 13

Joseph Lister

Answer 13

Based on Pasteur: Introduced the disinfecting theory found the carbolic acid (phenol) injection into wound to kill septic germs. Also on instruments, bandages, operative area and into the air. 1867

Question 14

Charles McBurney

Answer 14

He determined the area of greatest abdominal pain which is the exact place of the typical muscle guarding.(McBurney´s point) 1889

Question 15

Wilhelm Röntgen

Answer 15

Discovered x-ray in 1895

Question 16

William Halsted

Answer 16

Developed surgical rubber gloves 1896

Question 17

Hunter

Answer 17

Surgical mask

Question 18

Landsteiner

Answer 18

Pathologist who discovered Blood groups and described the ABO and Rh systems

Question 19

Alexis Carrel

Answer 19

Technique for the end-to-end anastomosis of blood vessels 1902

Question 20

Georg Kelling

Answer 20

The word “laparoscopy” was used by him which is a Greek word which means soft tissue inspection 1902

Question 21

Hümér Hütl

Answer 21

Victor Fischer was the inventor of the first surgical stapler that was used by Humer. Petz designed the device further 1907

Question 22

William T. Bovie

Answer 22

Electrocautery

Question 23

Janos Veres

Answer 23

Hungarian Pulmonologist . In order to prevent injuries of the lung while getting through the thoracic wall, Veres used his own spring loaded needle to create safely an artificial pneumothorax which was a technique for treatment of the tuberculosis at that time. - now used to create pneumoperitoneum. 1938

Question 24

Andrash Nemeth

Answer 24

first kidney transplantation in Szeged 1962

Question 25

Erich Mühe

Answer 25

performed first laparoscopic cholecystectomy in 1985

Question 26

Friedrich-wilhelm Mohr

Answer 26

Using the Da Vinci surgical robot performed the first robotically assisted cardiac bypass.

Question 27

NOTES

Answer 27

Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery - 2004

Question 28

Operating complex

Answer 28

consist of locker rooms, scrub-up area, preparing rooms and operating theatres

Question 29

Sterilization

Answer 29

Removal of viable microorganisms. Autoclave, gas sterilization, ethylene oxide, cold sterilization and irradiation

Question 30

Disinfection

Answer 30

Reduction of the number of viable microorganisms. Low temperature steam, and chemical disinfectants (phenols, chloride derivatives, alcohols, and quaternary ammonium compounds)

Question 31

Preparation of the skin area. Most common disinfectants

Answer 31

70% isopropanol, 0.5% chlorhexidine (a quaternary ammonium compound) and 70% povidone-iodine

Question 32

Surgical instrument material

Answer 32

usually made of stainless steel - Chromium and vanadium alloys

Question 33

Categorization of surgical instruments

Answer 33

1. Cutting and dissecting instruments 2. Grasping instruments 3. Instruments used for hemostasis 4. Retracting instruments 5. Tissue unifying instruments and materials 6. Special instruments

Question 34

Cutting and dissecting instruments

Answer 34

``` Scalpels Scissors Hemostats used to prepare the tissues (Péan, and mosquito, abdominal Péan) Dissectors Diathermy pencil Amputation knife Saws Raspatories ```

Question 35

Grasping instruments

Answer 35

``` Forceps Towel clamps Vascular clamps (kocher ,Lumnizer, Péan, mosquito, Abdominal Péan) Needle holders Organ holders Sponge holders ```

Question 36

Instruments used for hemostasis

Answer 36

Vascular clamps (Péan, Mosquito, abdominal Péan, Kocher, Lumnitzer, Satinsky, Bulldog) Electrocautery knife Ligation needles (Deschamp ligation needle) Directing probes (Payr probe) Argon beam coagulator

Question 37

Retracting instruments

Answer 37

``` Hand-held: Skin hook Rake Roux Langenbeck Visceral and abdominal wall retractor ``` Self-retaining: Weitlaner self-retaining retractor Gosset self-retaining retractor

Question 38

Tissue unifying instruments and materials (Wound-closing)

Answer 38

``` Surgical needles suture materials neddle holder Staplers Clips Adhesive tapes ```

Question 39

Criteria for an ideal needle

Answer 39

- Made of stainless steel which causes minimal tissue reaction - Should be as thin as possible (but not affect the strength) - Can be fixed and directed in a stable manner on the needle holder - Can direct the suture material with a suitable assurance and minimum tissue injury - Should be sharp enough to pass through the tissue (with minimum tissue resistance) - Should be stiff enough to resist bending but at the same time it should be flexible enough not to break - should be sterile (and easily sterilizable)

Question 40

Types of circular needle

Answer 40

Taper-point Taper-cutting Blunt taper

Question 41

Types of cutting needle

Answer 41

Conventional cutting Reversed cutting Spatula-shaped cutting

Question 42

Sir Moynihan´s criteria for an ideal suture material

Answer 42

Suitable for any surgical intervention, easy handling, high tensile strength, knot security, monofilamentous structure, causing minimal tissue reaction, having a definable absorbancy time, easy to resteralize and cheep

Question 43

Threads are classified according to:

Answer 43

the origin of material (natural or synthetic) the structure (mono- or multifilament) absorbability (absorbable or nonabsorbable)

Question 44

wound

Answer 44

a circumscribed injury which is due to an external force and can involve any tissue or organ

Question 45

Puncture wound

Answer 45

Vulnus punctum (possibility of anaerobic infection, injury to blood vessels and nerves)

Question 46

Incised wound

Answer 46

Vulnus Scissum (best healing, no shattering)

Question 47

Cut wound

Answer 47

Vulnus Caesum (similar to incised but include additional force. Degree of shattering is big)

Question 48

Crush Wound

Answer 48

Vulnus contusum (open or closed)

Question 49

Torn wound

Answer 49

Vulnus Lacerum

Question 50

Shot wound

Answer 50

Vulnus sclopetarium

Question 51

Bite wound

Answer 51

Vulnus morsum

Question 52

Pringle Maneuver

Answer 52

compression of the vessels at porta hepatis (hepatodoudenal ligament)

Question 53

Tourniquet

Answer 53

is a constricting or compressing device, specifically a bandage, used to control venous and arterial circulation to an extremity for a period of time

Question 54

Bone wax composition

Answer 54

beeswax, almond oil and alicyclic acid

Question 55

Hümér Hültl

Answer 55

plaid an important role in the spread of the antiseptic surgery in hungary