Final Flashcards
newton’s three laws of motion and how to apply them to everyday activities.
- Every object at rest, or in uniform motion will remain in that state of motion unless compelled to do otherwise by forces acting upon it. Qualitative.
- force = mass x acceleration. Quantitative. If you double the force on an object without changing its mass, the acceleration doubles.
- forces occur when two things interact with each other. The two resulting forces have the same strength and act exactly in opposite directions.
What is the acceleration due to gravity here on Earth? If I threw a ball in the air what would be the acceleration due to gravity at all stages while the ball is in the air?
9.8 m/s2,
32 feet/sec2,
22 miles/hour every second
9.8 m/s2
same as gravity on earth just minus initial speed
What is the relationship between mass and weight?
Mass-the characteristic of a body which determines how much it accelerates when a force is applied.
Weight- a measure of the force of gravity on a particular mass
If I am on an elevator what standing on a scale what will happen to my weight as the elevator is accelerating upwards, accelerating downwards, and going at a constant speed.
Up: Weight more than at rest
Constant: normal
Down: Weight less than at rest
What effects air friction?
Surface Area
Speed
If two pieces of tape are attracted to one another what do you know about the charges on the tape?
dissimilar charges attract. positively and negatively charged ions.
If two pieces of tape are repelling one another what do you know about the charges on the tape?
similar charges repel.
both pos or both neg
Why do protons stay in the same location and electrons move when there is an electric current?
electrons move to make current by being negative
electrons have a much smaller mass than protons
If I have two magnets and I bring them close together what will happen?
stick or repel
What is the simplest version of an electric magnet?
battery, wire, nail (screwdriver)
According to Newton’s law the force between masses is F = GmM/r2. If the force between two masses is F, what will be the new force if I half the distance (r/2) between the masses? What will be the new force if I double the distance (2r) between the masses?
Force is smaller longer the distance.
Force is stronger shorter the distance.
What is the definition of pressure?
Pressure = force/area.
increase force-increase pressure. decrease area-increase pressure.
If you have a closed hydraulic system and you know the area on both ends and the force on one end, could you calculate the force on the other end?
PressureLeft = PressureRight ForceL/AreaL = ForceR/AreaR
There will be two questions that asks you to compare the buoyant force and the gravitational force for two different spheres, and there are similar examples in section 6.4 of the book.
gravity pulls down and buoyant force pushes upward. object accelerates in direction of net force (direction of stronger forces).
bigger volume has more buoyant force against it while the smaller has less. equal gravity.
bigger mass/weight has more gravity force against it while the other has less. equal buoyant force.
If you are traveling close to the speed of light, what will an outside observer say about your length and your time?
Length - shorter
Time - longer
Assuming I am inside a spaceship that is not accelerating and I see another spaceship that is also not accelerating is there any way for me to know which spaceship is moving and which spaceship is at rest. (you do not have a speedometer on board)
don’t know who’s moving
What are conservation of energy, angular momentum, linear momentum and mass?
that energy can be neither created nor destroyed. 1st law of thermodynamics.
ex. dropping a rubber ball and it bouncing back.
AM= massvelocity(speed)radius.
ex. top, spinning faster it can balance
LM=Mass*Velocity, measures amount of motion in a straight line.
ex. car wreck, what ways they went and tire skids. Pool, what way the ball will go.
Conservation of Mass: mass always the same after physical process.
Ex. Baking cookies. dough same as ingredients. add steam with baked and the same again.
What are conduction, convection, and radiation?
conduction: objects having different temperatures are placed in direct contact with each other. no perceptible motion. TOUCHING passing bucks
convection: hot materials moves and transfers its heat to colder material. Using MASS to transfer Energy. running bucks. blowing
radiation: transferring energy without using mass, light
How can you increase the potential energy of two charges?
move a + and - charge away from each other. bring a + and + together.
If a wave can pass through only solids what type of wave must it be?
S-waves, shear, Transverse, secondary
What is the relationship between wave speed, frequency, and wavelength?
wave speed = frequency * wavelength
What are reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference?
wave phenomenon
- reflection: waves bounce off a surface. echo
- refraction: act of changing direction when passing from one medium to another. fish
- diffraction: the changing of direction of waves to bend around corners and spread as they encounter obstacles.
- Interference: the canceling or enhancing effect that occurs when two waves move through the same space at the same time.
- constructive: two waves are in synchronization causing amplitude to be greater.
- destructive: waves are out of synchronization making amplitude smaller
What is the relationship between frequency and period?
f = 1/T.
frequency, f, is how many cycles of an oscillation occur per second and is measured in cycles per second or hertz (HZ). The period of a wave, T, is the amount of time it takes a wave to vibrate one full cycle
What will a mechanical wave travel the fastest through? (Solid, Liquid or Gas)
Solid
What is the order of the electromagnetic spectrum from longest wavelength to shortest wavelength?
longest wavelength to shortest: Radio waves Microwaves, Infrared radiation ROYGBIV UV radiation X-rays Gamma rays
What experiment proved light is a wave?
Young’s double slit experiment
What experiment proved light is a particle?
photoelectric effect
(einstein photons)
Hertz shining light on some metals caused them to eject electrons
Energy= h*frequency
I will give you 4 materials and ask you to determine which one has the lowest melting temperature. All of the materials are listed in Table 12.1. Don’t worry about memorizing the table. Just group the materials based on what type of matter it is.
low: helium hydrogen neon nitrogen ethanol
mid: water (more dense question)
high: salt, copper, gold, magnesium
What are conductors, non-conductors, and ionic conductors?
- conductors: materials that conduct electricity in the solid and liquid state.
- non-conductors: material which do not conduct electricity in any of their physical states.
- ionic conductors: materials that do not conduct electricity in the solid state, but do when dissolved in water. SALT
What is the difference between the discrete spectrum of light and the continuous spectrum of light?
- continuous spectrum is the sun and anything that fives off all colors, rainbow
- discreet: gases of pure materials give off only a few colors of light when they are heated to a plasma or electrical charge, lots of lines
I will give you 4 materials and ask you to determine which one has the lowest melting temperature. All of the materials are listed in Table 12.1. Don’t worry about memorizing the table. Just group the materials based on what type of matter it is.
low: helium hydrogen neon nitrogen ethanol
mid: water (less dense in solid form)
high: salt, copper, gold, magnesium
What does temperature represent?
a measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules
According to the molecular model of matter what does gas pressure represent?
gas pressure is the sum of the collective force exerted by many molecules colliding over a given area at the same time.
gas in a container. hotter gasses exert more pressure than colder ones. cause they hit the walls more frequently.
What did the Rutherford Gold foil experiment prove?
That the atom has nucleus. Most of an atom is empty space.
proved Thomson’s plum pudding model was wrong.
What are the biggest differences between the Bohr model and the Rutherford model of the atom?
Bohr: Quantized
electrons move around the nucleus in circular orbits. Fist orbit is larger than nucleus. as quantum number increases the energy and radius of orbit increase.
Why does hydrogen emit a discrete spectrum of light?
Hydrogen only has one visible spectrum of light while the rest are Ultraviolet and infrared regions.
It has a Discrete spectra.It looks red and when passed through a prism, only four colors are found. The red color we see if a result of those for colors combined
What family of elements has the lowest ionization energy?
alkaline metals (Group 1)
Biggest atomic value
smallest ionization energy
most reactive
What family of elements is the least reactive?
Noble gasses (Group 8) smallest atomic value, highest ionization energy
What are families of elements within the periodic table of the elements?
Where are they on it? M, TM, SM, NM
metals and non-metals Columns Left: metals middle: transition metals stairs: semi metals stairs above: nonmetals
What distinguishes one atom from another atom?
Number of protons.
All elements have different protons and atoms in their form
atomic number
Who came up with the first periodic table of the elements?
Dmitri Mendeleev
What does the word entropy mean?
Disorder
order to disorder.
if total disorder is increased, the process is irreversible.
Irreversible go forward, reversible can go backward at same time.
How is it possible for heat to move from something that is hot to something that is cold?
naturally goes hot to cold.
cold to hot, add work.
See table 18.1 and know the most ordered energy and the least ordered energy.
most to least -gravitational PE -nuclear PE -Electrical(household) -Chemical PE -Thermal Energy (heat, microscopic energy) GNECT
Chapter 19 you learned about three types of atomic structures. What are they and what is an example of each?
Atomic matter- matter that exists in any states as single atoms ex. liquid helium
Molecular matter-matter that exists as molecules in any state ex. hydrogen
network matter-substances in which every atom or ion interacts strongly with many neighbors to form a continuos linked network. ex Salt
What happens to the temperature of matter if the molecular orbits go from a higher energy state to a lower energy state?
atoms want to go lower, temperature gets hotter as it goes lower
What is a catalyst?
chemicals that speed up reactions without being consumed themselves.
they make the energy and/or entropy of the transition state more favorable without affecting the energies or entropies of the initial or final products.
What is the activation energy?
energy required for process to ignite. spark adds energy.
What are all the properties of metal?
Malleability, Opacity, Thermal Conductivity, Reflectivity, High melting temperature, Electrical conductivity
What determines the melting temperature of any material?
High melting temp: strong bonds between atoms making need for a lot of KE to pull apart to liquid.
Why are salts non-conductors when in their solid state?
no mobile ions and electrons
What are ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and metallic bonds?
- ionic bonds: metal and a non-metal (metals give, non-metal receives electron)
- covalent: non-metal and non-metal (sharing electrons)
- metallic: metal and metal (share delocalized electrons, not confined to one nucleus), alloy metals less malleable, poor conductor, lower melting temp compared to pure metal.
What determines the melting temperature of any material?
High melting temp: strong bonds between atoms making need for a lot of KE to pull apart to liquid.
The force of attraction between the molecules affects the melting point of a compound. Stronger intermolecular interactions result in higher melting points. Ionic compounds usually have high melting points because the electrostatic forces holding the ions (ion-ion interaction) are much stronger.
Why are salts non-conductors when in their solid state?
because their ions are fixed in place and thy have no mobile electrons.
when dissolved its ions separate and become mobile. in water they are called electrolytes.
What are ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and metallic bonds?
- metallic bonds: metals bonding with metals. alloys. have a lower melting temp and poorer conductors than pure metal.
- ionic bonds: metal and non-metal bonding. metals transfer, give, electrons to non-metal, receive.
- covalent bonds: bonding of non-metals. fill valence shell by Sharing of electrons to fill outer shell of any non-metal atom. easier to melt or boil cause weak intermolecular forces.
If I gave you a metal and a non-metal could you give me their bonding ratio?
make the numbers match on the other side
What is the difference between a polar and non-polar compound?
- Polar: bonds that have unequal electron sharing.one end positive the other negative. this is called a “dipole charge” Higher melting/boiling temp.
- Non-Polar: no preferential charge. lower melting/boiling temp.
Electrons will spend time with one atom more than another. electronegativity attracts them.
There will be a question from Figure 23.7.
Glucose: C6H12O6
hydrogen bonding. they connect through the hydrogen. oxygen has an extra neg charge which attract positive hydrogen atoms
Where are the most and least dense layers of the Earth?
Most dense: in middle/core
Least: outside/crust
What are the compositional layers of the Earth?
crust, mantle, core
comp=CMC
How do scientist know about the different layers of the Earth?
Seismology
the ways the waves are bent
How old is our solar system?
4.6 billion years
What is the order of the planets from closest to the Sun to the furthest?
close to far: Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune
MVEMJSUN
How old is our solar system?
4.6 billion years
What is a Brown Dwarf?
A low mass that is too small to sustain fusion reactions in its core.
contains less than about 0.1 solar masses. temps high enough for fusion aren’t reached.
What is a Red Giant?
A large, bright, cool star that has exhausted most of the hydrogen fuel in its core.
mass > 0.1 of a protostar to become one
outer parts parts of the star, including its photosphere, are much larger and cooler. this helps the pressure within them to decrease until a new equilibrium with gravity is reached.
50-100 times bigger than original size.
What is a White Dwarf?
A small star that no longer sustains nuclear fusion and has shrunk to become a dense object about the size of earth.
outer layers push away, the hot small core is exposed.
What is a Supernova?
A rare celestial phenomenon involving the explosion of most of the material in a star, resulting in an extremely bright, short-lived burst of energy.
Red giant’s mass > 8 solar masses to become one
releases more energy in a few weeks than all the energy the star has radiated during the entire length of its mature phase.
What is a Neutron Star?
the remnant of a supernova explosion that is composed almost totally of neutrons. Gravity within it is so strong that it forces electrons and protons to combine by the nuclear weak force, forming neutrons.
It is so dense that the entire mass of our Sun could be contained in a sphere only a few tens of kilometers in diameter.
What is planetary nebula?
A glowing shell of gas with emission spectra that has been blown off a red giant star.
Red Giant’s mass < 8 solar masses to become one.
What is a black hole?
Any object where gravity is so strong that not even light can escape its surface.
fate of a massive star, approximately 25 solar masses. core that remains is more massive and dense than a neutron star.
How are all atoms more massive than iron formed?
they are formed and produced in supernova explosions.
How much of the mass of the solar system does the Sun contain?
99.8% of the mass of the solar system.
What is an H-R diagram used for?
A plot of stellar absolute luminosity verses color, you can find the distance. Luminosity and apparent brightness(color) = distance. Stars fusing hydrogen to helium in their cores lie along the main sequence in these diagrams.
If there is a cube with a mass of 800 g, and the length of one of the sides is 5cm what is the density of the cube?
g/cm^3
6.4 g/cm^3
What is the best tool to determine if a rock is made out of limestone?
hydrochloric acid
What is the most common type of minerals found on the continental crust?
silicon
What is the most common rock in the oceanic crust?
basalt
What are the three types of rocks?
metamorphic
sedimentary
igneous
What are the two types of igneous rocks that change based on cooling times?
extrusive igneous rocks: cools really fast
intrusive igneous rocks: millions of years, long time. grow large crystals
How does pressure affect melting temperature?
pressure raises melting temp
What are the most abundant elements in the Earth’s crust? (Memorize the top 3)
Oxygen
Silicon
Aluminum
How does pressure affect melting temperature?
High Pressure = High temperature
low pressure = low temperature
What are the most abundant elements in the Earth’s crust? (Memorize the top 3)
Oxygen (46.1%) Silicon (28.2%) Aluminum (8.2%) iron calcium sodium magnesium potassium titanium hydrogen
What are the different types of sedimentary rocks based on grain size?
Largest: Conglomerate
sandstone
silk stone
smallest: shale
How is clay formed from granite? Just know the general process
carbonic acid + plagioclase feldspar
what are stars made up of?
75% hydrogen, 23% helium, 2% all other atoms
Kinetic Energy
1/2 mass * velocity^2
