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Poli Theory > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Father of Conservatism

A

Edmund Burke

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2
Q

Burke’s view of the social contract:

A

It extends pas the living and onto the dead and those not yet born. Multi generational agreement

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3
Q

Burke’s 4 principles of government

A

Trustee Theory of representation: Office holders should vote in the interests of the people.
Burke was NOT in favor of extending franchise and believed that a Representative Government was the best guarantor of society’s long term interests.

A Natural Aristocracy should rule: Will bring in people who show great promise. Will bring in those who have the privilege of an education, knowledge, developing political skills, etc.

Private Property: A stabilizing and conservative force in society. People who own property will identify their interests and strengthen their attachment to society and government.

Little Platoons: Local concerns should be settled with local government. Strongly against centralized government

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4
Q

Burke’s view of freedom (ordered liberty through self restraint or social restraint)

A
  • Burke believed that freedom CAN be good, but it always isn’t.
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5
Q

“Assumption about human nature” made by Burke & traditional conservatives

A
  • Burke believed that individuals are connected to and depend upon one another. Atomistic conception argues the opposite
  • Organic conception of society: One individual isn’t special, but when combined they form a society that surpasses any single member of it.
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6
Q

Reactionary Conservatism

A
  • Seek not to conserve, but rather react against present and return to an earlier time.
  • 19th century reactionaries were against the enlightenment rationalist, secularism, and classic liberal principles.
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7
Q

Tory Democracy (opponents of Whigs (Liberals) in 19th century)

A
  • Opposed the expansion of the electorate.
  • Addressed the needs of the working class while continue to respect traditional aspects of life including the monarchy, the aristocracy, and the church of England
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8
Q

The conservative disposition

A
  • The Conservative disposition: To use and enjoy what you have instead of looking elsewhere. To delight in what is present rather than what was or what may be. To prefer the familiar to the unknown.
  • Good politics is like a good boat sail. It keeps the government (Boat) a float.
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9
Q

Conclusions of the conservative disposition

A
  • Innovation entails certain loss and possible gain.
  • The more closely innovation resembles growth, the less likely it results in loss.
  • An innovation that fixes disequilibrium is more desirable than generalized innovations.
  • Small innovations rather than large innovations\Slow reform rather than rapid change.
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10
Q

Rockefeller Republicans (= Centrist Republicans of the 1930s-1960s)

A
  • Named after NY Governor Nelson Rockefeller.

- More centrists policies in order to adapt to welfare state.

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11
Q

1. Individualist conservatism

A

This group began to take over the Republican party after Barry Goldwater’s 1964 presidential run.

Understand that they are neo-classical liberals. They created “movement conservatism” as depicted in the film.

Individualist (modern) conservatives’ CENTRAL role in the electoral success of Republican Party in US after 1980. The 3 coalition partners listed below joined the conservative movement in consecutive order.

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12
Q

2. Social Conservativism after 1968

A

Importance of social conservatism (sometimes populist resentment) against the cultural & social liberalism and against welfare liberalism after 1968.

Understand how they were a new kind of working & middle class conservative who rejected what they saw as too much social liberalism & welfare liberalism from the 1960s onwards.

This important group (social conservatives) used to be referred to as Nixon Democrats or Reagan Democrats.

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13
Q

3. Neo-conservatism after 1968

A

Support for & critique of capitalism
Former leftists; after 1968 opposed welfare liberalism & growth of welfare state
Hawkish position on foreign policy (anti-Communism & War on Terror)
Importance for the conservative movement

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14
Q

4. The Religious Right after 1973

A

Reacted against Roe v Wade which legalized abortion in 1973

The Religious Right as the 4th component of the “Reagan-Rove Coalition”

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15
Q

Other themes of the Reagan Rove coalition

A
    • Anti-Communism and private property = Common theme of most conservatives
    • Decline of Reagan-Rove Coalition, especially after 2012 Election
    • Decline, likely end of Reagan-Rove Coalition at national level
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16
Q

Utopian Socialist: Fourier

A

Charles Fourier – Argued for “phalansteries” of precisely 1,600 people each (scientifically arrived at “ideal size,” based on a utopian scheme wherein people would be willing to volunteer to work in their ideal occupation.

17
Q

Utopian Socialist: Owen

A

Robert Owen – Debauchery, indiscipline, and vice were the product of a failed social system and substandard education. Worked to created industrial campuses with housing & amenities on site.

18
Q

Other Utopian socialists

A

Thomas More: The first. Motivated by religion more than Marx

Saint Simon: Utopian thinker

19
Q

Marx’s views on capitalism

A
  • Highly impressed with capitalism. Believed capitalism was initially a positive historical force.
  • Believed it would inevitably be replaced by communism. A stepping stone.
20
Q

Importance of class & economic inequality for socialists

A
  • Class and economic inequality is everything.
  • Bourgeoisie: The rich upper class
  • Proletariat: The peasant, working middle class.
21
Q

Dialectical Materialism (Marx’s understanding of the Master-Slave relationship)

A

Bourgeoisie and Proletariat

22
Q

Ideological superstructure

A
  • Ideological superstructure: The ideas, laws, norms, beliefs, religion, morality, customs of a society.
23
Q

False consciousness

A
  • This is what the proletariat has. One they lose this false consciousness they will gain revolutionary spirit and become the universal class.
24
Q

Four ways in which man is alienated under capitalism (Marxist view)

A

1) Alienated from that which they produce (the fruits of their labour)
2) Alienated from the activity of producing
3) Alienated from themselves – because they spend all day doing one repetitive task.
4) Alienated from their fellow men: we are at each others throats competing for jobs and wages, rather than harmoniously producing

25
Q

The Steps in the Revolutionary Sequence

A
  1. Economic crises:
  2. Immiseration of the Proletariat: Bad situation hurts the working class the most
  3. Revolutionary Class Consciousness develops. (This stage can infiltrate the ideological superstructure)
  4. Seizure of the means of production and institutions of the state
  5. Dictatorship of the Proletariat: Democratic dictatorship in which workers treat each other’s fairly.
  6. Withering away of the state
  7. Communism
26
Q

Marxism & Socialism – Originated as a reaction against what?

A
  • The growing inequalities of capitalism.
27
Q

Reasons for Socialism’s failure in the United States

A
  • First pas the post election system had already disadvantaged third parties.
  • More pull to ideologies that emphasize possibilities of upward social mobility
  • Country was founded on Lockeian classic lib. & ‘Rugged Individualism’
  • Success of welfare liberalism undercut a socialist movement.
28
Q

Fabian socialists

A
  • Helped provide foundation of UK Labour Party, socialist from 1900-1995.
  • Advocated socialism in British parliament
  • Socialism that brought everyone up instead down.
  • Opposed to revolutionary socialism of Marx. Evolution instead of revolution.
29
Q

Frankfurt School (critical western marxism)

A
  • Emphasized that the cultural habit of consumerism creates a sense of false consciousness.
  • The “commodification of everything” (music, art, literature), creates a culture focused on materialism, rather than democracy, human rights, and other values such as sustainability, community, and improved working conditions.
  • Leads to less connection with other people and more with technology.
  • Wanted more participation from citizens and less focus on consumerism
30
Q

Market Socialism

A
  • Supported a market-based economic system. Socialism with a capitalist system.
31
Q

The Third Way

A
  • Tony Blair, Bill Clinton, and Gerhard Schroeder founded a middle path between neo-classical liberalism & welfare liberalism.
32
Q

Enlightenment Liberalism – 5 Main Features (HURPS)

A
  • Humanism – Belief in the emancipated individual as a meaningful end in and of him or her self and as chief agent of change.
  • Universalism – Belief in principles that act as a universal foundation for human identity.
  • Rationalism – Individuals are capable of reason. Epistemological observation and critical argument is the basis for knowledge and understanding.
  • Progress – Belief in progress and the ability of rational agents to improve the world.
  • Secularism – Separation between spheres (Degree varies from state to state)
    Religious Belief & Practice
    Constitutional Principles & Legal System
33
Q

 Counter-Enlightenment Thought – Reactionary Ideology

A
  • -Rejection of the 5 principles and a

- Rejection of Modernity: Views the Power of Abstract Reason and Rationality as “Uprooting” & “Disorienting”

34
Q

Joseph de Maistre on the French constitution

A

Key reactionary thinker

Believed that the French constitution was foolish for saying it was “made for man” “A constitution which is made for all nations is made for none”

35
Q

 Continuation of Counter-Enlightenment Thought Today

A
  • Neo-fascist movements, Racist, & anti-Semitic movements
  • Anti-immigrant & Skinhead movements
  • Radical Political Islam
36
Q

 Durability of Religion & Nationalism Today (pp. 318 – 322 in 9th ed) (pp. 303-307 in 8th ed)

A

 Both ideologies (Liberalism and Socialism) underestimated the power of nationalism and religion, which have continued and even grown in the modern world. Marx was not the only child of the Enlightenment who predicted that religion would fade away.

37
Q

 End of Ideology arguments associated with Daniel Bell, Francis Fukuyama, & Karl Marx.

A
  • Marx: Predicted a classless society under universal Marxist ideology.
  • Daniel Bell: (1960) Predicted that welfare liberalism will wipe out other ideologies.
  • Francis Fukuyama: (1989) Argued that liberal democracy has triumphed. All else would be wiped out with globalization and the exchange of ideas. Wrong due to rise in nationalism.
38
Q

 Author’s rejection to End of Ideology arguments (4 points)

A
  • First: End of ideology comments have always been wrong. The consensus was short-lived or remarkable superficial.
  • Second: Enough difference remain to keep ideological conflict alive. Differences between and within ideologies.
  • Third: These predictions aren’t talking about the end of an ideology, but a triumph. Perhaps the end of ideological conflict is possible but not of ideologies themselves.
  • Fourth: New challenges and difficulties continue to arise. Things such as environmental crises will require a political response. In order to make this decision people will need a political program. If more than one ideology offers advice, then conflict will almost certainly persist.
39
Q

Other Oakeshott things

A

Wrote against traditional political theories

Believed society in the past 500 years was straying from conservatism

  • Friends are not concerned with what they may be rewarded with but instead of the enjoyment of one another.
  • A friend isn’t someone who always agrees but rather someone who engages the imagination and excites contemplation, provokes interests and loyalty.
  • People don’t go fishing just to catch fish but to enjoy the act of fishing.

Poli Theory (1 decks)

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