Final

Question 1

Father of Conservatism

Answer 1

Edmund Burke

Question 2

Burke’s view of the social contract:

Answer 2

It extends pas the living and onto the dead and those not yet born. Multi generational agreement

Question 3

Burke’s 4 principles of government

Answer 3

Trustee Theory of representation: Office holders should vote in the interests of the people.
Burke was NOT in favor of extending franchise and believed that a Representative Government was the best guarantor of society’s long term interests.

A Natural Aristocracy should rule: Will bring in people who show great promise. Will bring in those who have the privilege of an education, knowledge, developing political skills, etc.

Private Property: A stabilizing and conservative force in society. People who own property will identify their interests and strengthen their attachment to society and government.

Little Platoons: Local concerns should be settled with local government. Strongly against centralized government

Question 4

Burke’s view of freedom (ordered liberty through self restraint or social restraint)

Answer 4

• Burke believed that freedom CAN be good, but it always isn’t.

Question 5

“Assumption about human nature” made by Burke & traditional conservatives

Answer 5

• Burke believed that individuals are connected to and depend upon one another. Atomistic conception argues the opposite
• Organic conception of society: One individual isn’t special, but when combined they form a society that surpasses any single member of it.

Question 6

Reactionary Conservatism

Answer 6

• Seek not to conserve, but rather react against present and return to an earlier time.
• 19th century reactionaries were against the enlightenment rationalist, secularism, and classic liberal principles.

Question 7

Tory Democracy (opponents of Whigs (Liberals) in 19th century)

Answer 7

• Opposed the expansion of the electorate.
• Addressed the needs of the working class while continue to respect traditional aspects of life including the monarchy, the aristocracy, and the church of England

Question 8

The conservative disposition

Answer 8

• The Conservative disposition: To use and enjoy what you have instead of looking elsewhere. To delight in what is present rather than what was or what may be. To prefer the familiar to the unknown.
• Good politics is like a good boat sail. It keeps the government (Boat) a float.

Question 9

Conclusions of the conservative disposition

Answer 9

• Innovation entails certain loss and possible gain.
• The more closely innovation resembles growth, the less likely it results in loss.
• An innovation that fixes disequilibrium is more desirable than generalized innovations.
• Small innovations rather than large innovations\Slow reform rather than rapid change.

Question 10

Rockefeller Republicans (= Centrist Republicans of the 1930s-1960s)

Answer 10

• Named after NY Governor Nelson Rockefeller.

- More centrists policies in order to adapt to welfare state.

Question 11

1. Individualist conservatism

Answer 11

This group began to take over the Republican party after Barry Goldwater’s 1964 presidential run.

Understand that they are neo-classical liberals. They created “movement conservatism” as depicted in the film.

Individualist (modern) conservatives’ CENTRAL role in the electoral success of Republican Party in US after 1980. The 3 coalition partners listed below joined the conservative movement in consecutive order.

Question 12

2. Social Conservativism after 1968

Answer 12

Importance of social conservatism (sometimes populist resentment) against the cultural & social liberalism and against welfare liberalism after 1968.

Understand how they were a new kind of working & middle class conservative who rejected what they saw as too much social liberalism & welfare liberalism from the 1960s onwards.

This important group (social conservatives) used to be referred to as Nixon Democrats or Reagan Democrats.

Question 13

3. Neo-conservatism after 1968

Answer 13

Support for & critique of capitalism
Former leftists; after 1968 opposed welfare liberalism & growth of welfare state
Hawkish position on foreign policy (anti-Communism & War on Terror)
Importance for the conservative movement

Question 14

4. The Religious Right after 1973

Answer 14

Reacted against Roe v Wade which legalized abortion in 1973

The Religious Right as the 4th component of the “Reagan-Rove Coalition”

Question 15

Other themes of the Reagan Rove coalition

Answer 15

• • Anti-Communism and private property = Common theme of most conservatives
• • Decline of Reagan-Rove Coalition, especially after 2012 Election
• • Decline, likely end of Reagan-Rove Coalition at national level

Question 16

Utopian Socialist: Fourier

Answer 16

Charles Fourier – Argued for “phalansteries” of precisely 1,600 people each (scientifically arrived at “ideal size,” based on a utopian scheme wherein people would be willing to volunteer to work in their ideal occupation.

Question 17

Utopian Socialist: Owen

Answer 17

Robert Owen – Debauchery, indiscipline, and vice were the product of a failed social system and substandard education. Worked to created industrial campuses with housing & amenities on site.

Question 18

Other Utopian socialists

Answer 18

Thomas More: The first. Motivated by religion more than Marx

Saint Simon: Utopian thinker

Question 19

Marx’s views on capitalism

Answer 19

• Highly impressed with capitalism. Believed capitalism was initially a positive historical force.
• Believed it would inevitably be replaced by communism. A stepping stone.

Question 20

Importance of class & economic inequality for socialists

Answer 20

• Class and economic inequality is everything.
• Bourgeoisie: The rich upper class
• Proletariat: The peasant, working middle class.

Question 21

Dialectical Materialism (Marx’s understanding of the Master-Slave relationship)

Answer 21

Bourgeoisie and Proletariat

Question 22

Ideological superstructure

Answer 22

• Ideological superstructure: The ideas, laws, norms, beliefs, religion, morality, customs of a society.

Question 23

False consciousness

Answer 23

• This is what the proletariat has. One they lose this false consciousness they will gain revolutionary spirit and become the universal class.

Question 24

Four ways in which man is alienated under capitalism (Marxist view)

Answer 24

1) Alienated from that which they produce (the fruits of their labour)
2) Alienated from the activity of producing
3) Alienated from themselves – because they spend all day doing one repetitive task.
4) Alienated from their fellow men: we are at each others throats competing for jobs and wages, rather than harmoniously producing

Question 25

The Steps in the Revolutionary Sequence

Answer 25

1. Economic crises: 2. Immiseration of the Proletariat: Bad situation hurts the working class the most 3. Revolutionary Class Consciousness develops. (This stage can infiltrate the ideological superstructure) 4. Seizure of the means of production and institutions of the state 5. Dictatorship of the Proletariat: Democratic dictatorship in which workers treat each other’s fairly. 6. Withering away of the state 7. Communism

Question 26

Marxism & Socialism – Originated as a reaction against what?

Answer 26

- The growing inequalities of capitalism.

Question 27

Reasons for Socialism’s failure in the United States

Answer 27

- First pas the post election system had already disadvantaged third parties. - More pull to ideologies that emphasize possibilities of upward social mobility - Country was founded on Lockeian classic lib. & ‘Rugged Individualism’ - Success of welfare liberalism undercut a socialist movement.

Question 28

Fabian socialists

Answer 28

- Helped provide foundation of UK Labour Party, socialist from 1900-1995. - Advocated socialism in British parliament - Socialism that brought everyone up instead down. - Opposed to revolutionary socialism of Marx. Evolution instead of revolution.

Question 29

Frankfurt School (critical western marxism)

Answer 29

- Emphasized that the cultural habit of consumerism creates a sense of false consciousness. - The “commodification of everything” (music, art, literature), creates a culture focused on materialism, rather than democracy, human rights, and other values such as sustainability, community, and improved working conditions. - Leads to less connection with other people and more with technology. - Wanted more participation from citizens and less focus on consumerism

Question 30

Market Socialism

Answer 30

- Supported a market-based economic system. Socialism with a capitalist system.

Question 31

The Third Way

Answer 31

- Tony Blair, Bill Clinton, and Gerhard Schroeder founded a middle path between neo-classical liberalism & welfare liberalism.

Question 32

Enlightenment Liberalism – 5 Main Features (HURPS)

Answer 32

- Humanism – Belief in the emancipated individual as a meaningful end in and of him or her self and as chief agent of change. - Universalism – Belief in principles that act as a universal foundation for human identity. - Rationalism – Individuals are capable of reason. Epistemological observation and critical argument is the basis for knowledge and understanding. - Progress – Belief in progress and the ability of rational agents to improve the world. - Secularism – Separation between spheres (Degree varies from state to state) Religious Belief & Practice Constitutional Principles & Legal System

Question 33

 Counter-Enlightenment Thought – Reactionary Ideology

Answer 33

- -Rejection of the 5 principles and a | - Rejection of Modernity: Views the Power of Abstract Reason and Rationality as “Uprooting” & “Disorienting”

Question 34

Joseph de Maistre on the French constitution

Answer 34

Key reactionary thinker Believed that the French constitution was foolish for saying it was “made for man” “A constitution which is made for all nations is made for none”

Question 35

 Continuation of Counter-Enlightenment Thought Today

Answer 35

- Neo-fascist movements, Racist, & anti-Semitic movements - Anti-immigrant & Skinhead movements - Radical Political Islam

Question 36

 Durability of Religion & Nationalism Today (pp. 318 – 322 in 9th ed) (pp. 303-307 in 8th ed)

Answer 36

 Both ideologies (Liberalism and Socialism) underestimated the power of nationalism and religion, which have continued and even grown in the modern world. Marx was not the only child of the Enlightenment who predicted that religion would fade away.

Question 37

 End of Ideology arguments associated with Daniel Bell, Francis Fukuyama, & Karl Marx.

Answer 37

- Marx: Predicted a classless society under universal Marxist ideology. - Daniel Bell: (1960) Predicted that welfare liberalism will wipe out other ideologies. - Francis Fukuyama: (1989) Argued that liberal democracy has triumphed. All else would be wiped out with globalization and the exchange of ideas. Wrong due to rise in nationalism.

Question 38

 Author’s rejection to End of Ideology arguments (4 points)

Answer 38

- First: End of ideology comments have always been wrong. The consensus was short-lived or remarkable superficial. - Second: Enough difference remain to keep ideological conflict alive. Differences between and within ideologies. - Third: These predictions aren’t talking about the end of an ideology, but a triumph. Perhaps the end of ideological conflict is possible but not of ideologies themselves. - Fourth: New challenges and difficulties continue to arise. Things such as environmental crises will require a political response. In order to make this decision people will need a political program. If more than one ideology offers advice, then conflict will almost certainly persist.

Question 39

Other Oakeshott things

Answer 39

Wrote against traditional political theories Believed society in the past 500 years was straying from conservatism - Friends are not concerned with what they may be rewarded with but instead of the enjoyment of one another. - A friend isn’t someone who always agrees but rather someone who engages the imagination and excites contemplation, provokes interests and loyalty. - People don’t go fishing just to catch fish but to enjoy the act of fishing.