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Final! Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Life expectancy in the United States has

a. declined.
b. plateaued.
c. increased remarkably.
d. surpassed Japan for the first time in the 2000s.

A

b. plateaued

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2
Q

Biological age refers to

a. functional capacities.
b. birth certificate age.
c. behavioral capacities compared to those of other people of the same biological age.
d. A and C

A

a. functional capacities

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3
Q

The Japanese practice “Hara hachibu.” It means

a. eat until you are full.
b. diet determines aging.
c. eat until you are 80% full.
d. eat low-fat meal.

A

c. eat until you are 80% full

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4
Q

Which one of the following is true?

a. Undernutrition and malnutrition contributes to longer life for the elderly.
b. Undernutrition without malnutrition contributes to longer life for the elderly.
c. Alzheimer disease is exclusively the result of genetic factors.
d. The rates of dementia between Japanese and Japanese Americans is the same.

A

b. Undernutrition without malnutrition contributes to longer life for the elderly

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5
Q

Who was responsible for picking up Monique’s check and signing for it?

a. Monique herself.
b. Adama, the village secretary.
c. Louis, her father-in-law.
d. Kris

A

c. Louis, her father-in-law

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6
Q

Environmental factors that contribute to declining life expectancy in Russia during the 1990s were

a. homicide.
b. accidents
c. poisoning and high alcohol consumption.
d. all of the above

A

d. ALL

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7
Q

A comparative study of the Yoruba of Nigeria and African Americans in the state of Indiana indicated that

a. depression is less common among the Yoruba.
b. Alzheimer’s disease doesn’t exist among the Yoruba.
c. because of poverty in Nigeria the Yoruba are experiencing sever Alzheimer’s disease.
d. incidence rates of Alzheimer’s disease was significantly lower among Yoruba than among African Americans.

A

d. incidence rates of Alzheimer’s disease was significantly lower among Yoruba than among African Americans

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8
Q

The major impact(s) of calorie restriction is/are

a. lower incidence of cancer.
b. Reduce cellular free radical sources.
c. protection of genes from damage.
d. all of the above.

A

d. ALL

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9
Q

The longest lived people in a country that has the highest life expectancy in the world are

a. Californians.
b. Okinawans.
c. Japanese.
d. Japanese Americans

A

b. Okinawans

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10
Q

__________ is maturational process that creates the need for individual adaption.

a. Senescence
b. Dementia
c. Aging
d. Ageism

A

c. Aging

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11
Q

As discussed in class, European Americans between the ages of 45 and 54 years showed an increased rate of mortality. The effect was largely confined to

a. people with no health insurance.
b. people with high school education and less.
c. people who recently moved to the United States.
d. all of the above.

A

b. People with high school education and less

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12
Q

What was the purpose of communal field Monique has organized?

a. to grow cotton so the women of the village can have cash to buy diapers.
b. to grow beans and peanuts to use in making baby food.
c. to grow extra millet for millet beer.
d. to grow wheat for bread.

A

b. to grow beans and peanuts to use in making baby food.

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13
Q

The practice of charging women more than men for identical health care plans is

a. gender stereotype.
b. gender rating.
c. health economics.
d. gender pay gap.

A

b. gender rating

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14
Q

Successful aging refers to

a. aging process, uncomplicated by financial burden.
b. maturational process that creates the need for individual adaption.
c. the changes due solely to the aging process, uncomplicated by damage from environment, lifestyle or disease.
d. All of the above

A

c. the changes due solely to the aging process, uncomplicated by damage from environment, lifestyle or disease.

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15
Q

Menopause is culture dependent because

a. hormonal changes after menopause produce similar symptoms in many women.
b. variations in symptom reporting can be attributed to language differences.
c. cultural differences shape how people experience menopause as a stage of life.
d. B and C

A

d. B and C

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16
Q

Medical anthropological analysis of infectious disease includes

a. microbiological agents.
b. individual human behaviors.
c. political, ecological and historical processes.
d. all of the above

A

d. ALL

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17
Q

Despite being declared beaten in 2000, ______is back, due largely to declining vaccination rates in parts of the United States.

a. tuberculosis
b. measles
c. smallpox
d. dengue fever

A

b. Measles

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18
Q

The main reason(s) why we are experiencing high level of antibiotic resistance is because

a. antibiotics are prescribed even when they are not medically necessary.
b. of larger volume of antibiotics used in agriculture.
c. patients often fail to complete their drug regimens at home.
d. all of the above.

A

d. ALL

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19
Q

According to the public health reports, families of unvaccinated kids are more likely to be
Correct!
a. wealthier on average, married, educated and covered by private health insurance.
b. poor, covered by government health insurance plans and mostly religious.
c. mostly undereducated but perceive fewer benefits associated with vaccines.
d. immigrant families.

A

a. wealthier on average, married, educated and covered by private health insurance.

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20
Q

What are the differences between infectious and chronic diseases?

a. infectious diseases are contagious while chronic diseases are not contagious.
b. infectious diseases are often curable while chronic diseases are typically incurable.
c. infectious diseases can be eradicated while chronic diseases cannot be eradicated.
d. all of the above

A

d. ALL

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21
Q

______________is when the body is given a vaccine that contains ready-made antibodies against a disease?

a. Active immunization
b. Immunity
c. Passive Immunization
d. None of the above

A

c. Passive immunization

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22
Q

is when a plentiful amount of people in a community/group is immune to a pathogen, acting as a barrier for the non-immunized population.

a. Passive immunization
b. Herd Immunity theory
c. Naturalistic Disease Theory
d. Personalistic Disease theory

A

b. Herd immunity theory

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23
Q

In, Fresh Fruits, Broken Bodies, how did the Triqui interpret why Holmes decided to live in the labor camp, pick strawberries and learn indigenous language?

a. The Triqui thought Holmes was working for the CIA.
b. The Triqui viewed Holmes as someone who likes to do odd jobs..
c. The Triqui treated Holmes as foolhardy anthropologist.
d. The Triqui understood Holmes as someone who wants to experience how the poor suffer.

A

d. The Triqui understood Holmes as someone who wants to experience how the poor suffer.

24
Q

According to Holmes, migration for agricultural work in the United States is

a. a rite of passage for young people.
b. a forced necessity for workers to support their families because NAFTA trade policy decimated the Mexican corn industry.
c. a voluntary movement in search of modern life.
d. a voluntary movement since farmers are easily enticed by better wages.

A

b. a forced necessity for workers to support their families because NAFTA trade policy decimated the Mexican corn industry.

25
Q

Farming contributed to diseases mainly because farming resulted in

a. increased population density.
b. surplus yield and rodents.
c. living with waste.
d. all of the above.

A

d. ALL

26
Q

Which one of the following is not true?

a. Epidemic is a widespread increase in the observed rates of disease in a given population.
b. Pandemic is the multinational form of epidemics in that they encompass worldwide outbreaks beyond a particular population.
c. Endemic means a rate of disease that is consistently higher within a given group.
d. All of them are true.

A

d. ALL are TRUE

27
Q

The main thesis of virgin soil epidemics is that:

a. biological inferiority was the main reason why native Americans died in large numbers when they were exposed to Old World diseases.
b. populations who have had no previous contact with the diseases that strike them are immunologically defenseless and are at risk.
c. a new pathogen enters a new population and influences their belief system about illness
d. virgin soil is always the source of new infectious diseases.

A

b. populations who have had no previous contact with the diseases that strike them are immunologically defenseless and are at risk.

28
Q

“Old” diseases that show an increase in incidence are referred to as

a. emergent infectious diseases.
b. epidemiological transition.
c. global infection.
d. resurgent infectious diseases.

A

d. resurgent infectious diseases.

29
Q

The core characteristics of the second stage of epidemiological transition is

a. the demise of infectious diseases.
b. the age of high mortality and birth
c. the decline of infectious diseases.
d. the movement from infectious disease to degenerative diseases.

A

c. the decline of infectious diseases.

30
Q

One of the following is NOT factors contributing to emergence of infectious disease,

a. economic development and land use
b. intent to harm
c. climate and weather influxes
d. None of the above.

A

d. None of the above.

31
Q

Farming contributed to diseases mainly because farming resulted in:

a. increased population density.
b. surplus yield which attracted rodents to homestead.
c. living with waste.
d. all of the above.

A

d. ALL

32
Q

The Europeans were unable to conquer the Old World tropics because

a. people in the tropics were intrepid warriors.
b. Europeans were overwhelmed by measles and tuberculosis.
c. Europeans were immunologically naive when it comes to tropical infections.
d. b and C

A

c. Europeans were immunologically naive when it comes to tropical infections.

33
Q

The most beneficial stress is called

a. distress
b. eustress
c. allostatic load
d. culturogenic stress

A

b. eustress

34
Q

The role of European diseases in the depopulation of the “New World” was

a. relatively unimportant compared to other causes.
b. far less important than the effect of “New World” diseases on the colonizers.
c. of unknown dimensions since we have absolutely no data.
d. significant.

A

d. significant

35
Q

An increasing prevalence of the disease __________ is attributed to the construction of high dams and irrigation in many parts of the world.

a. arthritis
b. measles
c. schistosomiasis
d. influenza

A

c. schistosomiasis

36
Q

The phrase “diseases of development” refers to health problems

a. related to adolescence as a stressful phase of human development.
b. caused by economic development activities such as dam construction.
c. that international aid agencies seek to prevent or alleviate.
d. of people who work overseas for international development agencies.

A

b. caused by economic development activities such as dam construction.

37
Q

Newly identified and previously unknown infectious pathogens that cause public health nightmares are examples of?

a. resurgent diseases
b. epidemiological transitions
c. infectious diseases
d. emergent diseases

A

c. emergent diseases

38
Q

A significant shift in the disease pattern of a population, a decline in mortality rate due to better healthcare, improved sanitation and adequate nutrition is known as

a. socioeconomic progress
b. demographic transition
c. epidemiologic transition
d. none of the above

A

c. epidemiologic transition

39
Q

A person’s stress response, like the “fight or flight” response, occurs from higher levels of activity in the

a. sympathetic nervous system
b. adrenal/pituitary glands
c. epinephrine production
d. All of the above

A

b. adrenal/pituitary glands

40
Q

Social support is may be defined as

a. ritual and beliefs related to harmful health practices.
b. stress inducing social experiences.
c. social resources that can be drawn on to support oneself in times of need.
d. Carefree existence

A

c. social resources that can be drawn on to support oneself in times of need.

41
Q 
According to the WHO, ------
is the first cause of death from an infectious disease in the world. 
a.  tuberculosis 
b.  HIV/AIDS 
c.  Measles 
d.  Polio
A

a. tuberculosis

42
Q

A good measure of a population’s health is it’s _____________.

a. Children’s heights and weights
b. rates of breastfeeding awareness.
c. menopause.
d. adult mortality rate.

A

a. Children’s heights and weights

43
Q

Deena Emera’s theory of menstruation argues that:

a. menstruation is a defense against pathogens.
b. is an adaptation to invasive embryo.
c. menstruation protects the mother from expending valuable resources on defective fetuses.
d. B and C

A

d. B and C

44
Q

Pro Female Genital Cutting emphasize that

a. being cut brings respect & rights.
b. being cut enhances fertility
c. being cut legitimizes children.
d. all of the above.

A

d. ALL

45
Q

Menstruation is much less frequent in agricultural societies because

a. of delayed onset of puberty
b. of high infant mortality.
c. women in traditional societies spend many of their reproductive years either pregnant or nursing a child.
d. a and c

A

d. a and c

46
Q

One of the major concerns of the decline in the age of menarche is

a. increased risk for breast cancer.
b. physical development does not keep pace with cognitive and emotional maturity.
c. increased risk of teenage pregnancy.
d. all of the above

A

d. ALL

47
Q

According “scientific “research that has since been refuted “menotoxin” found in the sweats of menstruating women causes:

a. beer to spoil and dough from rising
b. colic and Asthma
c. bacon to putrefy
d. all of the above.

A

d. ALL

48
Q

In cultures that emphasize female power, menstruating women are

a. forbidden to participate in any economic activities.
b. subjected to restrictions and taboos.
c. respected and venerated.
d. isolated in menstruating hut.

A

c. respected and venerated.

49
Q

In Monique and the Mango Rains, Kris and John learn that the reason work on the birthing house has been so slow is

a. the village has lost money because of the cotton crop and is broke.
b. the men don’t want the women to have a place of their own.
c. the villagers are just too hungry to work.
d. all of the above.

A

a. the village has lost money because of the cotton crop and is broke.

50
Q

The “small but healthy” debate in child growth and development emphasizes

a. small bodies as “maladaptation” to low-quality energy availability
b. kids that are short due to mild to moderate malnutrition are healthy and well adapted
c. Smallness could be a maladaptation
d. all of the above

A

b. kids that are short due to mild to moderate malnutrition are healthy and well adapted

51
Q

Which one of the following is NOT benefits of breastfeeding?

a. improves cognitive development
b. reduces the risk of obesity, asthma, allergies, dental cavities or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
c. helps moms to loose birthweight
d. none of the above.

A

d. None

52
Q

Comparative study of Mayan Guatemalan children in Guatemala and the United States revealed how

a. social conditions play a decisive role in child growth and development.
b. genes are irrelevant in child growth and development
c. how nature dictates height and weight.
d. how stunted growth is genetic

A

a. social conditions play a decisive role in child growth and development.

53
Q

Which one of the following is not the factor for early weaning?

a. Lack of information on how to breastfeed
b. Easy availability and widespread promotion of infant formula
c. Maternal return to the work force
d. Lack of social support for breastfeeding
e. None of the above.

A

e. none

54
Q

The main risk of early puberty is

a. higher rates of sexual activity and unplanned pregnancy.
b. increased risk of reproductive cancers.
c. high rates of teenage pregnancies.
d. all of the above.

A

d. ALL

55
Q

The anthropologist Fuambai Ahmadu of Sierra Leone views female genital cutting as __________.

a. a form of persecution
b. a symptom of patriarchy
c. an Islamic practice
d. an emotionally positive validation of womanhood

A

d. an emotionally positive validation of womanhood

56
Q

The use of the terms Female Genital Mutilation and Female cutting reflect __________.

a. the lack of more precise terms in medical anthropological research
b. different attitudes toward the same procedure
c. a medical versus non-medical understanding of a cultural practice
d. different procedures that are conducted on women in some cultures.

A

b. different attitudes toward the same procedure

Medical Anthropology (2 decks)

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