FINAL Flashcards
What is biology?
Study of life
What are the 7 characteristics of life?
1) has cells
2) uses energy (metabolism)
3) it grows/develops/has a life cycle
4) reproduces
5) adapt to their environment
6) contains DNA(hereditary material)
7) responds to environment
What is the difference between a control group and an experimental group in an experiment?
Controlled groups have an expected result or something that is already known, an experimental group will present an unknown answer
What is ecology?
Understanding how populations interact to form communities, and how energy and nutrients sustain an ecosystem
What are biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem?
Biotic is living and abiotic is non-living
What is commensalism?
(+, 0)- one organism has increased fitness, other is unchanged in fitness by tbe relationship
ex: hummingbird and flowering plant
What is mutualism/symbiotic?
(+,+)- both populations have increased fitness, both reproduce more often when together
ex: cleaner fish and larger reed fish
What is parasitsm/predation/herbivory?
(+,-)- one benefits (increased fitness), other decreases
ex: panda eating bamboo
What is competition?
(-,-)- both have decreased fitness
What is the basic unit of life?
Carbon
What are organelles? What do they do?
Small parts within a cell, they all carry out different functions
What are the four macromolecules(polymers) and what monomers are they made of?
Carbohydrates –> simple sugars (glucose)
Lipids –> fatty acids
Proteins –> amino acids
Nucleic Acids –> nucleotides
Why do humans eat?
For energy
What are humans made of?
80% water
20% other stuff
What are 5 functions of proteins?
Structure, transportation, antibodies, enzymes, hormones
What are the 3 types of DNA replication?
Semi-conservative
Conservative
Mosaic
What must happen before cell division?
DNA replication
What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis is asexual reproduction where no mates are needed because cells separate to form a new individual and a single cell can make a copy of itself, meiosis is sexual reproduction where offspring inherit some genetic info and gametes are made
What is DNA?
Genetic material of the cell that transfers hereditary information
What is a gene? (2 things)
1) Sequence of DNA that “codes” for proteins
2) basic unit of hereditary
What is a chromosome?
Really long piece of DNA that houses many genes
How many chromosomes are in humans?
46 total, 23 pairs
What is a genome?
All the genetic material contained by an organism
What is n and 2n?
N= haploid, you: 23 (gametes) 2N= diploid, you: 46 (somatic cells (body cells))
What are the 2 rules for working with chromosomes?
1) gene is on the same place of the chromosome
2) only one copy of each gene on a chromosome
What is an allele?
Variations of a gene
What is a genotype?
Actual combination of alleles for a gene
What is a phenotype?
Outward expression of protein (allele) combination
What does mitosis and meiosis have in common?
They are both forms of cellular reproduction (produce new cells), they have similar ‘steps’ and both occur in sexually reproducing organisms
What is the purpose of mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis- to create exact copies
Meiosis- to make gametes
Is mitosis and meiosis haploid or diploid?
Mitosis- diploid
Meiosis- haploid
What are Mendel’s 5 rules?
1) genetic info comes in particles (genes)
2) each particle can have one of several forms (alleles)
3) each plant has 2 particles with 3 possible combinations
4) each parent contributes 1 particle to their offspring
5) each organism receives 1 particle from the mom and 1 from the dad
Where do mutations occur?
Gametes, mutations that are passed to offspring are more rare but are the only ones that matter in terms of evolution
What is the evolutionary definition of ‘fitness’?
Reproductive success
Why can we not scale flies to be as big as humans?
Because length, volume, and height cannot scale proportionally
What is diffusion?
The movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration, spontaneous
What is cellular respiration?
C6H1206 (glucose) + O2 + CO2 + H20
(respiration)
What can do cellular respiration and photosynthesis?
Only plants and certain bacteria
What is osmosis?
A type of diffusion, on consider movement of water molecules
