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Marine Science Final > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nutrient cycle is thought to be limited in marine ecosystems compared to terrestrial ecosystems?

A

Nitrogen-nutrient

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2
Q

Nutrient cycle is the basis for most of the biomass in all ecosystems?

A

Carbon-nutrient

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3
Q

How does the flow of energy through the food web affect an ecosystem ?

A

Determining how much energy is available for organisms at higher tropic levels

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4
Q

Niche

A

Organism’s role in its habitat

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5
Q

Microhabitat

A

Exists on a very small scale

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6
Q

Habitat

A

The area and conditions in which you find an organism

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7
Q

Population

A

Group of the same species living and interacting in a community

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8
Q

Community

A

Collection of different organisms living and interacting in an ecosystem

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9
Q

Ecosystem

A

Physical boundaries, energy source, and a community of interacting organisms through which energy is transferred

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10
Q

Ecology

A

Science that studies how organisms relate to each other and their environment

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11
Q

Compensation depth

A

Depth at which the oxygen produced by autotrophs = the oxygen they need for respiration

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12
Q

How does light availability affect primary productivity?

A

Light diminishes with depth, so depth also affects photosynthesis and primary productivity

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13
Q

Limiting factor

A

Physiological or biological necessities that affect survival

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14
Q

Silicoflagellate

A

Silica internal supporting structure

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15
Q

Coccilithophore

A

Calcium carbonate shell

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16
Q

Most primary production in the sea is from

A

Phytoplankton

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17
Q

What is plankton?

A

Wide variety of organisms that share habitat and lifestyle

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18
Q

Difference between zooplankton and phytoplankton

A

Phytoplankton -plants

Zooplankton- animals

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19
Q

Biomass

A

Mass of living tissue

20
Q

Standing crop

A

Mass of living tissue at a given time in an ecosystem

21
Q

Main “product” of primary production and how is it measured ?

A

Carbohydrates; grams of carbon per square meter of surface area per year

22
Q

What two deep-sea ecosystems have primary productivity associated with chemicals emerging from the earth?

A

Hydrothermal vents

Cold seeps

23
Q

Stages whale-fall ecosystems go through

A

1st: scavengers arrive and consume wales soft tissue in a few months
2nd: last about a year eat remaining soft tissue and detritus
3rd: lasts several years or decades and it’s the decay of the whale skeleton

24
Q

Whale fall

A

Please where a dead whale comes to rest on the deep ocean floor

25
Q

What types of organisms are found most commonly in the abyssal zone?

A

Echinoderms

Meiofauna

26
Q

What provides nutrients for most of the deep ocean?

A

Marine snow

Constant fall of sediment, dead organisms, fecal pellets, and other nutrients from the productive shallow water above

27
Q

Why is there no primary productivity and most of the deep ocean?

A

No sunlight

28
Q

What is the northern limit of the Antarctic’s productive seas?

A

Antarctic Convergence

50-60 degrees south latitude

29
Q

What makes the Antarctic seas some of the most productive marine ecosystems?

A

Rich, deep water surfaces to create the largest nutrient-rich area on earth

30
Q

Where and when do you find the most productivity in the Arctic?

A

Extremely high productivity occurs along an arc in the North Pacific and across the north Atlantic from April to August

31
Q

What conditions challenge marine ecosystems in the arctic?

A

Reduced sunlight under the ice and water that’s barely above freezing

32
Q

Threats coral ecosystems face

A

Sedimentation

Coral diseases

Thermal stress (global warming)

33
Q

Why do coral ecosystems require water that is in moderate motion and free of nutrients?

A

Prevents sentiments from accumulating on polyps

Can’t photosynthesize

Motion

34
Q

What marine ecosystem is thought by most scientists to be the most taxonomically diverse?

A

Coral reefs (diverse but fragile)

35
Q

How has human hunting of sea otters disrupted the ecological balance of kelp forest ecosystems?

A

Killing sea otters=more sea urchins=more kelp eaten

36
Q

How do beaches affect other marine ecosystems?

A

Works as a giant filter

Caused by coastal erosion

37
Q

Conditions that challenge organisms in littoral ecosystems

A

Drying out

Thermal stress

Water motion

Competition

(Between high and low tide)

38
Q

Greatest challenges to life in supralittoral ecosystems

A

Drying out

Thermal stress

Water motion

(Only submerged during highest tide)

39
Q

How do seagrass ecosystems differ from other halophyte based ecosystems?

A

Don’t have freshwater source

Can exist in deep water

Edible food to inhabitants

40
Q

How do seagrasses differ from other halophytes?

A

Reproduce by releasing pollen

Live entirely underwater

No means of extracting fresh from seawater

No freshwater source (internal salinity)

41
Q

Adaptations that allow halophytes to survive in salt water

A

Lower:
Salt glands
Pores in the leaves

Upper: sacrificial leaves

42
Q

How do Upper and lower marsh conditions differ?

A

Upper: rarely flooded by tides

Lower: flooded by salt water and a regular part of the tidal cycle

43
Q

Estuaries contribute to the productivity of surrounding marine ecosystems by

A

Juveniles

Shelter

Nutrients while trapping sediment

44
Q

What factors limit the productivity of estuary ecosystems?

A

Wide salinity ranges

Osmotic stress

Variations in salinity tend to reduce species

45
Q

Eutrophication

A

Overabundance of nutrients that causes an ecological imbalance

46
Q

Why do you human activities have wide ranging potential effects on coastal ecosystems?

A

Living near water

Activities that aren’t obvious (fertilizer/pollutants)

47
Q

Why are coastal ecosystems generally highly productive?

A

Benefit from nutrient-rich run off from land

Shelter (diverse and rich)

Marine Science Final (1 decks)

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