Final Flashcards
1
Q
What is the Internet?
A
A computer network consisting of a worldwide network of computer networks that use standardized network protocols to facilitate data transmission and exchange
2
Q
Node
A
A point at which lines or pathways intersect or branch; a central connecting point In computing, a piece of equipment, such as a PC or peripheral, attached to a network
3
Q
The Internet
A
The Internet is a massive network of
networks, a networking infrastructure
that connects computers globally.
4
Q
The World Wide Web
A
The Web is a way of accessing
information over the medium of the
Internet, an information sharing model
that is built on top of the Internet.
5
Q
Internet vs Web
A
separate but related things. The Web is just one of the ways that information can be disseminated over the Internet but it is the one we are focused on in this class.
6
Q
Internet Access
1980s–Present
A
• Personal Computing • Portable Computing • Mobile Computing • Ubiquitous Computing • Artificial Intelligence and Ambient Computing
7
Q
Personal Computers Progress
A
- IBM 5150 (1981)
- Apple PowerBook 540c (1993)
- Apple iPhone (2007)
- Chalayan dress (2007)
- Arduino Uno (2010)
- Apple Watch (2015)
- AI and Ambient Computing
8
Q
Digital Revolution
Afterglow
A
Represents a shift from analog and electronic technology to digital These technological developments build upon and continue to inform each other today
9
Q
Digital Media
Modern vernacular
of 1s and 0s
A
On/Off Electrical impulses (+5v / -5v) • Single 0 or 1 = 1 “bit” • A group of 8 bits = 1 “byte” • 1 million bytes ≈ 1 “megabyte” • 1,024 megabytes = 1 “gigabyte” • 1,000 gigabytes = 1 “terabyte”
10
Q
Moore’s Law
A
The number of transistors that can be placed inexpensively on an integrated circuit doubles every two years. The number of transistors is closely connected to processor speed, memory, etc. Computer processor speed has doubled approximately every two years Moore’s Law seems to be plateauing but held steady for the past 40 years. Digital media is in a constant state of flux
11
Q
open source
A
anyone is free to use it
usually free of charge
can be modified and redistributed
12
Q
Operating Systems
A
Software that manages a computer’s resources Allocates resources among other programs Resources include the central processing unit (CPU), computer memory, file storage, input/output (I/O) devices, and network connections Runs indefinitely and terminates only when the computer is turned off
13
Q
Operating Systems
Examples
A
DOS (Generic term) Microsoft OS Mac OS Linux iOS Android Symbian OS
14
Q
Operating Systems
History
A
First digital computers had no operating systems Ran one program at a time, which had command of all system resources A human operator would provide any special resources needed First operating systems were developed in the mid-1950s
15
Q
Unix
A
Operating system by AT&T Bell Labs Originally developed in 1969 Command line interface Portable, multi-tasking, multi-user Free distribution, open system Servers, workstations, mobile devices Basis of Linux and MacOS
16
Q
Unix
Commands
A
tba
17
Q
Chmod
chmod sets permissions
A
Every file and directory has nine permissions associated with it Files and directories have three types of permissions (or none): r (read) w (write) x (execute) - (no permission) The above permissions occur for each of the following classes or users: u (user/owner) g (group) o (other/world)
18
Q
Chmod
Files and folders
A
Standard file permission: 644 Owner can read and write file; group can read file; others can read file Standard directory permission: 755 Owner can read, write and execute file; group can read and execute file; others can read and execute file
7 –> r w x
6 –> rw-
5 –> r-x
4 –> r–
19
Q
HTML
HyperText
Markup Language
A
A language for describing Web pages HTML is not a programming language, it is a markup language A markup language is a set of markup tags HTML uses markup tags to describe Web pages
20
Q
HTML
Early history key dates
A
1990: Original HTML specification written by physicist, Tim Berners-Lee for cross-referencing documents 1993: First text-based browser, Lynx, released 1993: Mosaic browser released, adding images, nested lists, forms 1994: First World Wide Web conference held in Geneva 1994: Netscape is formed 1994: The World Wide Web Consortium is formed, w3.org
21
Q
HTML Tag
A
Keywords surrounded by angle brackets, for example: HTML tags normally come in pairs, like <h1> and </h1> The first tag in a pair is the “start tag,” the second tag is the “end tag” Start and end tags are also called “opening” and “closing” tags
22
Q
HTML Element
A
Everything from the start tag to the end tag Example: <p>This is a paragraph.</p> Start tag: <p> Element content: This is a paragraph. End tag: </p>
23
Q
Web Pages
A
HTML documents describe Web pages Contain HTML tags in plain text HTML documents are Web pages Recommended plain text editors: Atom and Brackets
24
Q
Web Browsers
A
Render HTML Docs Reads HTML documents and displays them as Web pages Web browsers do not display HTML tags, but use them to interpret the content of the page Recommended browsers: Firefox, Chrome, Safari, Edge
25
Q
html explained
A
tells browsers that they are interpreting an HTML document Text between and describes the Web page Text between and is displayed as the page title Text between and is the visible page content
26
Q
SFTP
A
SSH (Secure) File Transfer Protocol
Web pages are usually created “locally” on a personal computer, then uploaded to a web server A web page is not publicly accessible until it is published to a web server An FTP client is used to transfer files from a personal computer to a server Fetch, WinSCP, and FileZilla are a few good FTP client options “Local” files are those on a personal computer, “remote” files are those on a web server
27
Q
HTML5
New standard for HTML
A
First version published in 2008 An official W3C recommendation as of October 2014 • New Elements • New Attributes • Full CSS3 Support • Video and Audio • 2D/3D Graphics • Web Applications • Smartphone Apps
28
Q
CSS
A
Cascading Style Sheets Defines a Web page’s appearance CSS separates style and content Consists of a plain text file with rules for the display of HTML elements Formatting includes fonts and colors as well as layout and position Can be created outside of your HTML and applied to multiple Web pages Well-formed HTML is important for your CSS to work properly
29
Q
CSS History
A
Prior to CSS, Web pages were commonly styled with HTML tags and structured with tables This was both tedious and inefficient Nine different style sheet languages were proposed, two were chosen as the foundation CSS Level 1 emerged as a W3C Recommendation in December 1996 Browsers began to support CSS over the next few years
30
Q
CSS Application
A
CSS can be applied in three different ways to a Web page: • In an external .css file • In the section of an HTML document • Inline with HTML code
31
Q
Style Construction
CSS Rule Set
A
Selector: Indicates which HTML
element will be formatted
Declaration block: Describes the
formatting to apply
Property/value pair: Specifies format
Style rules are separated by a
semicolon
h1 {
color: green;
background: yellow;
32
Q
Cascade
A
The principle of the “cascade” is applied when style rules are in conflict Three primary factors determine which style rule wins out: • Inheritance • Specificity • Location
33
Q
CSS3
A
Latest standard for CSS CSS2 is best supported CSS3 is still evolving but offers new features for designers and developers Modern browsers support many aspects of CSS3 Backwards compatible with CSS2
