Final Flashcards

Question 1

Q

Who discovered x-rays and when?

Answer

A

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen on November 8, 1895

Question 2

Q

X-rays are a form of what kind of radiation?

Answer

A

Electromagnetic/ionizing

Question 3

Q

Radiation that produces positively and negatively charged particles (ions) when passing through matter; the production of these ions is the event that may cause injury to normal biologic tissue
If electromagnetic radiation is of high enough frequency, it can transfer sufficient energy to some orbital electrons to remove them from the atoms to which they were attached; foundation of the interactions of x-rays with human tissue
Conversion of atoms to ions; makes tissues valuable for creating images but has the undesirable result of potentially producing some damage in the biologic material
Adding or losing an electron X-rays knock electrons out of orbit and change things on a cellular level that can hurt us or offspring

Answer

A

Ionization

Question 4

Q

6 consequences of ionization in human cells

Answer

A

Creation of unstable atoms
Production of free electrons (Compton scatter produces recoil electrons)
Production of low energy x-ray photons
Creation of reactive free radicals capable of producing substances poisonous to the living cell
Creation of new biologic molecules detrimental to the living cell
Injury to the cell that may manifest itself as abnormal function or loss of function

Question 5

Q

The degree to which the diagnostic study accurately reveals the presence or absence of disease in the patient
Maximized when essential images are produced under recommended radiation protection guidelines
Provides the basis for determining whether an imaging procedure or practice is justified

Answer

A

Diagnostic efficacy

Question 6

Q

Who carries the responsibility for determining the medical necessity of a procedure for the patient?

Answer

A

The referring physician accepts basic responsibility for protecting the patient from radiation exposure that is not useful and relies on qualified imaging personnel who accept a portion of the responsibility for the patient's welfare by providing the high-quality imaging services

Question 7

Q

The intention behind these concepts of radiologic practice is to keep radiation exposure and consequent dose to the lowest possible level

Because no dose limits have been established for the amount of radiation that patients may receive for individual imaging procedures, this philosophy should be established and maintained and must show that we have considered reasonable actions that will reduce doses to patients and personnel below required limits

Radiation-induced cancer does not have a fixed threshold (a dose level below which individuals would have no chance of developing this disease); therefore, because it appears that no safe dose levels exist for radiation-induced malignant disease, radiation exposure should be kept low for all medical imaging procedures and this should serve as a guide to radiographers and radiologists for the selection of technical exposure factors

Answer

A

As low as reasonably achievable (ALARA)

Optimization for radiation protection (ORP)

Question 8

Q

3 basic principles/cardinal rules of radiation protection

Answer

A

<p><p><p><ol>
	<li>Time</li>
	<li>Distance</li>
	<li>Shielding</li>
</ol>
</p></p></p>

Question 9

Q

3 things the Radiation Safety Officer (RSO) is expressly charged by the hospital administration to be directly responsible for in the ALARA program

Answer

A

<p><p><p><ol>
	<li>Execution</li>
	<li>Enforcement</li>
	<li>Maintenance</li>
</ol>
</p></p></p>

Question 10

Q

The probability of injury, ailment, or death resulting from an activity

Answer

A

Risk (general)

Question 11

Q

The possibility of inducing a radiogenic cancer or genetic defect after irradiation

Answer

A

Risk (medical with reference to the radiation sciences)

Question 12

Q

A method that can be used to improve understanding and reduce fear and anxiety for the patient that compares the amount of radiation received over a given period of time based on an annual US population exposure of approximately 3 millisieverts per year

Answer

A

Background equivalent radiation time (BERT)

Question 13

Q

A subunit of the sievert (Sv) equal to 1/1000 of a sievert

Answer

A

Millisievert (mSv)

Question 14

Q

International System of Units (SI) unit of measure for the radiation quantity "equivalent dose"

Answer

A

Sievert (Sv)

Question 15

Q

A two phase radiation dose awareness and dose reduction program for patients through the process of education for these individuals, for the community, for health care workers employed in the medical imaging profession, and for physicians

Answer

A

Tools for Radiation Awareness and Community Education (TRACE) Program

Question 16

Q

2 phases of the TRACE program

|

Answer

A

<p><p><p><ol>
	<li>Formulating new policies and procedures to promote radiation safety and the implementation of patient and community education</li>
	<li>Technological enhancements</li>
</ol>
</p></p></p>

Question 17

Q

4 main components (technologic enhancements) of the TRACE program

Answer

A

<ol>
<li>Embedded software capable of recording and reporting dose</li>
<li>Timely notification of the patient and the referring physician when the radiation dose is greater than 3 Gy</li>
<li>The substantial lowering of computed tomography (CT) doses</li>
<li>Alterations to existing protocols</li>
</ol>

Question 18

Q

2 sources of radiation (both contribute a percentage of the total amount of radiation that humans receive during their lifetime)

Answer

A

<p><p><p><ol>
	<li>Natural</li>
	<li>Manmade</li>
</ol>
</p></p></p>

Question 19

Q

Radiation that is always present in the environment

Answer

A

Natural

Question 20

Q

Radiation created by humans for specific purposes

Answer

A

Manmade

Question 21

Q

The ability to do work- that is, to move an object against resistance

Answer

A

Energy

Question 22

Q

Kinetic energy that passes from one location to another and can have many manifestations (many types of this exist)

Answer

A

Radiation

Question 23

Q

The full range of frequencies and wavelengths of electromagnetic waves

Each frequency within this has a characteristic wavelength and energy Higher frequencies are associated with shorter wavelengths and higher energies; therefore, as the wavelength ranges from largest to smallest, frequencies and energy cover the corresponding smallest to largest ranges

Answer

A

Electromagnetic spectrum

|

Question 24

Q

The number of crests of a wave that move past a given point in a given unit of time; hertz (Hz), cycles per second

Answer

A

Frequency

Question 25

Q

The distance between successive crests of a wave (meters)

Answer

A

Wavelength

Question 26

Q

A unit of energy equal to the quantity of kinetic energy an electron acquires as it moves through a potential difference of 1 volt

Answer

A

Electron volts (eV)

Question 27

Q

This form of radiation can travel through space in the form of a wave but can interact with matter as a particle of energy

Dual nature

Photons moving in waves and interactive with matter

Answer

A

Wave-particle duality

|

Question 28

Q

Bundles of energy

Answer

A

Photons

Question 29

Q

7 types of electromagnetic waves (longer wavelength, lower frequency, lower energy to shorter wavelength, higher frequency, higher energy)

Answer

A

<p><p><p><ol>
	<li>Radio waves</li>
	<li>Microwaves</li>
	<li>Infrared</li>
	<li>Visible light</li>
	<li>Ultraviolet (low and high energy)</li>
	<li>X-rays</li>
	<li>Gamma rays</li>
</ol>
</p></p></p>

Question 30

Q

2 parts the electromagnetic spectrum can be divided into

Answer

A

<p><p><p><ol>
	<li>Ionizing</li>
	<li>Nonionizing</li>
</ol>
</p></p></p>

Question 31

Q

3 forms of ionizing radiation

|

Answer

A

<p><p><p><ol>
	<li>X-rays</li>
	<li>Gamma rays</li>
	<li>High-energy ultraviolet radiation (energy higher than10 eV)</li>
</ol>
</p></p></p>

Question 32

Q

5 forms of non-ionizing radiation

|

Answer

A

<p><p><p><ol>
	<li>Low-energy ultraviolet</li>
	<li>Visible light</li>
	<li>Infrared rays</li>
	<li>Microwaves</li>
	<li>Radio waves</li>
</ol>
</p></p></p>

Question 33

Q

The amount of energy transferred to electrons by ionizing radiation

Answer

A

Radiation dose

|

Question 34

Q

Does not have the sufficient kinetic energy to eject electrons from the atom

Answer

A

Non-ionizing radiation

Question 35

Q

A radiation quantity used for radiation protection purposes when a person receives exposure from various types of ionizing radiation

Attempts to specify numerically the differences in transferred energy and therefore biologic harm produced by different types of radiation

Enables the calculation of effective dose (EfD)

SI unit: Sievert

Correlates the absorbed dose in biologic tissue with the type of energy of the radiation to which the human has been subjected (x-rays, gamma rays, etc.), applies only to ionizing types of radiation

Answer

A

Equivalent dose (EqD)

|

Question 36

Q

4 forms of particulate radiation

|

Answer

A

<p><p><p><ol>
	<li>Alpha particles</li>
	<li>Beta particles</li>
	<li>Neutrons</li>
	<li>Protons</li>
</ol>
</p></p></p>

Question 37

Q

Subatomic particles that are ejected from atoms at very high speeds

They possess sufficient kinetic energy to be capable of causing ionization by direct atomic collision

No ionization occurs when the subatomic particles are at rest

Answer

A

Particulate radiation

|

Question 38

Q

Emitted from nuclei of very heavy elements such as uranium and plutonium during the process of radioactive decay

Each contain two protons and two neutrons

Are simply helium nuclei (e.i., helium atoms minus their electrons)

Have a large mass (approximately 4 times the mass of a hydrogen atom) and a positive charge twice that of an electron

Weighting factor is 20 times higher than x-rays

Less penetrating than beta particles (fast electrons)

They lose energy quickly as they travel a short distance in biologic matter (i.e., into the superficial layers of the skin), so they are considered virtually harmless as an external source of radiation (a piece of ordinary paper can absorb them or function as a shield)

Can be very damaging as an internal source of radiation if emitted from a radioisotope deposited in the body (ex: in the lungs, they can be absorbed in the relatively radiosensitive epithelial tissue and are very damaging to that tissue)

Answer

A

Alpha particles/rays

|

Question 39

Q

Identical to high speed electrons except for their origin (emitted from within the nucleus of radioactive atoms that relieve their instability through the process of beta decay)

8,000 times lighter than alpha particles and have only one unit of electrical charge (-1) as compared with the alpha's two units of electrical charge (+2); will not interact as strongly with their surroundings as alpha particles and are therefore capable of penetrating biologic matter to a greater depth than alpha particles with far less ionization along their paths

With a lesser probability of interaction: can penetrate matter more deeply and therefore cannot be stopped by an ordinary piece of paper like an external alpha particle

For energies less than 2 millielectron volts, either a 1-cm thick block of wood or a 1-mm thick lead shield would be sufficient for absorption

Answer

A

Beta particles

|

Question 40

Q

Positively charged components of an atom

Have a relatively small mass that, however, exceeds the mass of an electron by a factor of 2800

Decide the type of element

Answer

A

Protons

|

Question 41

Q

Number of the protons in the nucleus of an atom constitutes this number

Answer

A

Atomic/Z number

Question 42

Q

The electrically neutral components of an atom and have approximately the same mass as a proton

Answer

A

Neutrons

Question 43

Q

Two atoms that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons in their nuclei (same element)

Answer

A

Isotopes

Question 44

Q

Takes into account the dose for all types of ionizing radiation (ex: alpha, beta, gamma, x-ray) to various irradiated organs or tissues in the human body (ex: skin, gonadal tissue, thyroid)

By including specific weighting factors for each of those body parts mentioned, this takes into account the chance or risk that each of those body parts will develop a radiation-induced cancer (somatic); in the case of the reproductive organs, the risk of genetic damage is considered

Because this includes all of the organ weighting factors, it represents the uniform whole-body dose that would give an equivalent biologic response or chance of cancer

Answer

A

Effective dose (EfD)

|

Question 45

Q

Produced when ionizing radiation penetrates body tissue and ejects electrons from the atoms composing the tissues

Answer

A

Biologic damage

Question 46

Q

Result of destructive radiation at the atomic level

Answer

A

Molecular change

Question 47

Q

Caused by molecular changes which leads to abnormal cell function or even entire loss of cell function

If excessive cellular damage occurs, the living organism will have a significant possibility of exhibiting genetic or somatic changes such as mutations, cataracts, leukemia, etc.

Answer

A

Cellular damage

|

Question 48

Q

Changes in the blood count that results from non-negligible exposure to ionizing radiation

Answer

A

Organic damage

Question 49

Q

2 sources of ionizing radiation that humans are exposed to

Answer

A

<p><p><p><ol>
	<li>Natural</li>
	<li>Manmade</li>
</ol>
</p></p></p>

Question 50

Q

Environmental sources of ionizing radiation

Answer

A

Natural (background) radiation

Question 51

Q

3 components of natural radiation

|

Answer

A

<ul>
<li>Terrestrial radiation (e.g., radon, thoron)</li>
<li>Cosmic radiation (solar and galactic, intensity increases with altitude)</li>
<li>Internal radiation from radioactive atoms (radionuclides)</li>
</ul>

Question 52

Q

Earth gives off this terrestrial radiation; 37% of natural background radiation exposure comes from this

Largest contributor to background radiation

In homes: crawl spaces, floor drains, sump pumps, and porous cement block foundations

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) considers this to be the second leading cause of lung cancer in the US

Answer

A

Radon

|

Question 53

Q

4 ways to indicate the amount of radiation received by a patient from diagnostic x-ray procedures

Answer

A

<p><p><p><ol>
	<li>Entrance skin exposures (including skin and glandular dose; greatest amount of radiation and why you don't want SOD to be small)</li>
	<li>Bone marrow dose</li>
	<li>Gonadal dose</li>
	<li>Fetal dose in pregnant women</li>
</ol>
</p></p></p>

Question 54

Q

4 ways to decrease patient dose

|

Answer

A

<p><p><p><ol>
	<li>Increase distance</li>
	<li>Shield</li>
	<li>Beam restriction</li>
	<li>High kVp, low mAs</li>
</ol>
</p></p></p>

Question 55

Q

2 technical factors

|

Answer

A

<p><p><p><ol>
	<li>Peak kilovoltage (kVp)</li>
	<li>Milliampere-seconds (mAs)</li>
</ol>
</p></p></p>

Question 56

Q

Controls the quality/penetrating power of the photons in the x-ray beam, and to some degree also affects the quantity or number of photons in the x-ray beam

Highest energy level of photons in the x-ray beam, determines what kind of interaction will occur (high or low energy)

Although all photons in a diagnostic x-ray beam don't have the same energy, the most energetic photons in the beam can have no more energy than the electrons that bombard the target

Answer

A

Peak kilovoltage (kVp)

|

Question 57

Q

Controls the quantity of radiation that is directed toward a patient during a selected x-ray exposure

Answer

A

Milliampere-seconds (mAs)

mA x s = mAs

Question 58

Q

If an interaction occurs, electromagnetic energy is transferred from the x-rays to the atoms of the patient's biologic material

A total loss of radiation energy

Answer

A

Absorption

|

Question 59

Q

The amount of energy absorbed per unit mass

Answer

A

Absorbed dose (D)

Question 60

Q

3 factors affecting absorption

|

Answer

A

<ol>
<li>Atomic number</li>
<li>How tightly bound the atom's electrons are</li>
<li>Thickness of part (ex: femur vs finger)</li>
</ol>

Question 61

Q

What reaction is the biggest concern for a technologist (occupational)?

Answer

A

Compton reactions produce scatter

Question 62

Q

What is the anode (target) made of?

Answer

A

Tungsten/tungsten rhenium alloy

Question 63

Q

2 reasons tungsten and tungsten rhenium alloy are used as target materials

Answer

A

<p><p><p><ol>
	<li>High melting points</li>
	<li>High atomic numbers (tungsten [74] and rhenium [75])</li>
</ol>
</p></p></p>

Question 64

Q

Why does the anode (target) need to have a high melting point?

Answer

A

99% of x-ray production is heat

Answer 65

A

X-ray photons

Answer 66

A

Inherent filtration

Answer 67

A

<ul>
<li>The thickness of the glass envelope of the tube</li>
<li>The dielectric oil that surrounds the tube</li>
<li>The glass window of the housing</li>
</ul>

Answer 68

A

Added filtration

|

Answer 69

A

<ol>
<li>A certain thickness of added aluminum in the collimator</li>
<li>The collimator device</li>
<li>The mirror is designed to reflect the collimator light to simulate the primary beam field size for positioning purpose</li>
</ol>

Answer 70

A

Total filtration (permanent)

|

Answer 71

A

2.5 mm aluminum (Al) equivalence

Answer 72

A

Primary radiation/photons

Answer 73

A

One third, 33%

Answer 74

A

Attenuation

|

Answer 75

A

Scatter

Answer 76

A

Direct transmission

Answer 77

A

Indirect transmission

Answer 78

A

<p><p><p><ol>
	<li>Air gaps</li>
	<li>Radiographic grids</li>
</ol>
</p></p></p>

Answer 79

A

Exit/image-formation photons

Answer 80

A

<p><p><p><ol>
	<li>Coherent</li>
	<li>Photoelectric absorption</li>
	<li>Compton scattering</li>
	<li>Pair production</li>
	<li>Photodisintegration</li>
</ol>
</p></p></p>

Answer 81

A

<p><p><p><ol>
	<li>Compton scattering</li>
	<li>Photoelectric absorption</li>
</ol>
</p></p></p>

Answer 82

A

<p><p><p><ol>
	<li>Classical scattering</li>
	<li>Elastic scattering</li>
	<li>Unmodified scattering</li>
</ol>
</p></p></p>

Answer 83

A

Coherent scattering (classical, elastic, or unmodified)

Answer 84

A

<p><p><p><ol>
	<li>Thompson</li>
	<li>Rayleigh</li>
</ol>
</p></p></p>

Answer 85

A

Typically less than 10 keV

Answer 86

A

Photoelectric absorption

|

Answer 87

A

Photoelectron

|

Answer 88

A

Characteristic photon/x-ray Fluorescent radiation

Answer 89

A

<ol>
<li>Photoelectrons (those induced by interaction with external radiation)</li>
<li>Characteristic x-ray photons (fluorescent radiation)</li>
</ol>

Answer 90

A

Increases

Answer 91

A

<ol>
<li>Energy (E) of the incident x-ray photons</li>
<li>Atomic (Z) number of the atoms comprising the irradiated object</li>
</ol>

Answer 92

A

Image receptor (IR) exposure

|

Answer 93

A

Brightness

|

Answer 94

A

Window level

Answer 95

A

Windowing

Answer 96

A

Decreases, increases

Answer 97

A

Greater

Answer 98

A

Increases

Answer 99

A

Radiographic contrast

Answer 100

A

Window width

|

Answer 101

A

Contrast media

|

Answer 102

A

Positive contrast medium

|

Answer 103

A

Negative contrast medium

Answer 104

A

<p><p><p><ol>
	<li>Incoherent scattering</li>
	<li>Inelastic scattering</li>
	<li>Modified scattering</li>
</ol>
</p></p></p>

Answer 105

A

Compton (incoherent, inelastic, modified) scattering

Answer 106

A

Compton (incoherent, inelastic, modified) scattering

Answer 107

A

Compton scattered, secondary, or recoil electron

Answer 108

A

Compton scattered photon

Answer 109

A

Increases

Answer 110

A

Clarence Madsen Dally

Answer 111

A

Occupational radiation

Answer 112

A

Early deterministic somatic effects

Answer 113

A

Deterministic

Answer 114

A

Late deterministic somatic effects

| Late stochastic effects

Answer 115

A

Stochastic

Answer 116

A

Genetic/heritable effects

Answer 117

A

<p><p><p>Nausea
Fatigue
Diffuse redness of the skin
Loss of hair
Intestinal disorders
Fever
Blood disorders
Shedding of the outer layer of the skin</p></p></p>

Answer 118

A

<p><p><p>Cataract formation
Fibrosis
Organ atrophy
Loss of parenchymal cells
Reduced fertility
Sterility</p></p></p>

Answer 119

A

Cancer

| Genetic (hereditary) effects

Answer 120

A

No amount

Answer 121

A

Effective dose (EfD)

Answer 122

A

The type of radiation (e.g., x-radiation, gamma, neutron)
The variable sensitivity of the tissues exposed to radiation

Answer 123

A

Sievert (Sv)

Answer 124

A

Exposure (X)

Answer 125

A

Absorbed dose (D)

Answer 126

A

Equivalent dose (EqD)

Answer 127

A

Coulomb (C)

Answer 128

A

Ampere (A)

Answer 129

A

Coulombs per kilogram (C/kg)

Answer 130

A

Air kerma
"Kinetic energy released in material"
"Kinetic energy released in matter"
"Kinetic energy released per unit mass"

Answer 131

A

Gray (Gy)

Answer 132

A

Tissue kerma

Answer 133

A

Gray (Gyt)

Answer 134

A

Dose area product (DAP)

Answer 135

A

Atomic number (Z) of the tissues comprising the structure
The mass density of the tissue (kg/m^3)
Energy of the incident photon (low-energy photons are more easily absorbed in a material such as biologic tissue than are high-energy photons)

Answer 136

A

Increases

Answer 137

A

Effective atomic number (Zeff)

Answer 138

A

Bone: 13.8

| Soft tissue: 7.4

Answer 139

A

More

Answer 140

A

Higher

Answer 141

A

Increases

Answer 142

A

Decreases

Answer 143

A

Directly

Answer 144

A

Gray (Gy)

Answer 145

A

Joule (J)

Answer 146

A

Centi-, c, 1/100, 10^-2
Milli-, m, 1/1000, 10^-3
Micro-, u, 1/1,000,000, 10^-6

Answer 147

A

Number of grays (Gy) x 1000 = number of milligrays (mGy)

Answer 148

A

Surface integral dose (SID)

| Historically known as exposure area product

Answer 149

A

Different

Answer 150

A

Quality factor (Q)

Answer 151

A

X-ray: 1

| Alpha: 20

Answer 152

A

Large, greater

Answer 153

A

Low

Answer 154

A

Radiation weighting factor (WR)

Answer 155

A

Sievert (Sv)

Answer 156

A

<p><p><p>EqD = absorbed dose (D) x radiation weighting factor (WR)
sV = Gy x WR</p></p></p>

Answer 157

A

Number of millisieverts (mSv) = number of sieverts (Sv) x 1000

Answer 158

A

Cancer

| Genetic/hereditary abnormalities

Answer 159

A

EfD = absorbed dose (D) x radiation weighting factor (WR) x tissue weighting factor (WT)

Answer 160

A

Tissue weighting factor (WT)

Answer 161

A

Most: gonads

| Least: Bone surface

Answer 162

A

Sieverts or millisieverts

Answer 163

A

Entrance skin surface

Answer 164

A

Collective effective dose (ColEfD)

Answer 165

A

Total effective equivalent dose (TEDE)

Answer 166

A

Whenever radiation workers are likely to risk receiving 10% or more of the annual occupational EfD limit of 50 mSv (5 rem) in any single year as a consequence of their work related activities

Answer 167

A

When personnel could receive approximately 1% of the annual occupational EfD limit in any month; approximately 0.04 mSv (4 mrem)

Answer 168

A

<p><p><p>Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeter
Extremity dosimeter (thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) ring)
Film badge
Thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD)
Pocket ionization chamber (pocket dosimeter)</p></p></p>

Answer 169

A

Attached to the clothing on the front of the body at collar level

Answer 170

A

Outside the apron at collar level on the anterior surface of the body

Answer 171

A

10-20

Answer 172

A

The first/primary dosimeter is to be worn outside the protective apparel at collar level; the second should be worn beneath a wraparound-style lead apron at waist level to monitor the approximate equivalent dose to the lower body trunk

Answer 173

A

The primary dosimeter is to be worn at collar level; the second is worn at the abdomen

Answer 174

A

Extremity dosimeter (thermoluminescent dosimeter [TLD] ring badge)

Answer 175

A

<p><p><p>Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeter
Film badge
Thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD)
Pocket ionization chamber (pocket dosimeter)</p></p></p>

Answer 176

A

Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeter

Answer 177

A

A thin layer of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) detector

Answer 178

A

It can be worn for up to 1 year; it is common practice to wear it for a period of 1-3 months

Answer 179

A

Aluminum (Al)
Tin
Copper (Cu)

Answer 180

A

"Deep" (most penetrating)
"Eye"
"Shallow" (skin)

Answer 181

A

Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeter

Answer 182

A

Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeter

Answer 183

A

1 mrem (10 uSv) for x-ray photons with energies ranging from 5 keV to greater than 40 MeV

Answer 184

A

Control monitor

Answer 185

A

Lightweight, durable, and easy to carry Contains an integrated, self-contained, preloaded packet Color-coded, contains graphic formats, and body location icons that provide easy identification Not affected by heat, moisture, and pressure Offers complete reanalysis Increased sensitivity, providing accurate readings as low as 10 uSv (1 mrem) for x-ray photons with energies from 5 keV-40 MeV Can be worn for longer periods of time (up to 1 year)

Answer 186

A

Occupational radiation exposure is recorded only in the body area where the device is worn (not close to reproductive organs)
Exposure cannot be determined on the day of occurrence
Not an efficient monitoring device if it is not worn

Answer 187

A

Film badges

Answer 188

A

Durable, lightweight plastic film holder
Assortment of metal filters
Film packet

Answer 189

A

Aluminum or copper

Answer 190

A

As low as 0.1 mSv (10 mrem) to as high as 5000 mSv (500 rem); doses less than 0.1 mSv (10 mrem) are not usually detected and are reported as minimal (M) on a personnel monitoring report

Answer 191

A

Density

Answer 192

A

Densitometer

Answer 193

A

Main: permanent legal record of personnel exposure
Economical
Used to record exposure to x-radiation, gamma radiation, and all but very low-energy beta radiation in a reliable manner
Can discriminate among the types of radiation and the energies of these radiations
Mechanical integrity

Answer 194

A

Temperature and humidity extremes or wetting can cause fogging of the dosimetry film over long periods of time
A radiation worker's exposure cannot be determined on the day of occurrence
Can be worn for one month before being read

Answer 195

A

1 month

Answer 196

A

Most sensitive to photons having an energy level of 50 keV; for values above and below this energy range, dosimetry film sensitivity decreases

Answer 197

A

Crystalline form (powder or, more frequently, small chips) of lithium fluoride (LiF)

Answer 198

A

The LiF crystals interact with ionizing radiation as human tissue does, hence this monitor determines dose more accurately
Exposures as low as 5 mR (1.3 x 10^-6 C/kg) can be measured precisely
Humidity, pressure, and normal temperature changes don't affect it
After the TLD reading has been obtained, the crystals can be reused, making it somewhat cost effective

Answer 199

A

Exposures as low as 5 mR (1.3 x 10^-6 C/kg) can be measured precisely

Answer 200

A

High cost (twice the cost of a film badge service)
Can be read only once/can't be reevaluated; the readout process destroys the stored information
The calibrated dosimeters must be prepared and read with each group or batch

Answer 201

A

Pocket ionization chamber (pocket dosimeter)

Answer 202

A

0-5.2 x 10^-5 C/kg (0-200 mR)

Answer 203

A

Provide immediate exposure readouts

Answer 204

A

Fairly expensive
Inaccurate readings
No permanent legal record

Answer 205

A

Ionization chamber-type survey instrument ("cutie pie")
Proportional counter
Gieger-Muller (GM) detector

Answer 206

A

Ionization chamber survey meter (cutie pie)

Answer 207

A

1 mR/hr-several thousand milliroentgens per hour (10-several thousand micrograys per hour)

Answer 208

A

1 mR/hr (10 micrograys per hour)

Answer 209

A

Ionization chamber survey meter (cutie pie)

Answer 210

A

Delicate detector unit
Without adequate warmup time, its meter drifts and produces an inaccurate reading
Cannot be used to measure exposures produced by typical diagnostic procedures because the exposure times are too short to permit the meter to respond appropriately

Answer 211

A

Proportional counter

Answer 212

A

Geiger-Muller (GM) detector

Answer 213

A

The meter reading is not independent of the energy of the incident photons meaning that photons of widely different energies cause the instrument to respond quite differently
Likely to saturate or jam when placed in very high-intensity radiation area, giving a false reading

Answer 214

A

Biology

Answer 215

A

Cells

Answer 216

A

Conduction of nerve impulses
Contraction of muscles
Support of various organs
Transportation of body fluids such as blood

Answer 217

A

Protoplasm

Answer 218

A

Protoplasm
Organic compounds
Inorganic compounds

Answer 219

A

Complex process of metabolism
Reception and processing of food and oxygen
Elimination of waste products

Answer 220

A

Metabolism

Answer 221

A

Organic compounds

| Inorganic compounds

Answer 222

A

Organic compounds

Answer 223

A

Inorganic compounds

Answer 224

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen

Answer 225

A

Phosphorus

| Sulfur

Answer 226

A

Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids

Answer 227

A

Water

| Mineral salts/electrolytes

Answer 228

A

Acts as the medium in which acids, bases, and salts are dissolved
Functions as a solvent by dissolving chemical substances in the cell
Functions as a transport vehicle for material the cell uses or eliminates
Maintains a constant body core temperature of 98.6 F (37 C)
Provides a cushion for vital organs such as the brain and lungs
Regulates concentration of dissolved substances
Lubricates the digestive system
Lubricates skeletal articulation (joints)

Answer 229

A

Water

Answer 230

A

Help produce energy
Aid in the conduction of nerve impulses
Responsible for the prevention of muscle cramping

Answer 231

A

Carbon

Answer 232

A

Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen

Answer 233

A

Proteins

Answer 234

A

Growth
Construction of new body tissue
Repair of injured or debilitated tissue

Answer 235

A

Structural proteins

Answer 236

A

Enzymatic proteins/"enzymes"

Answer 237

A

Repair enzymes

Answer 238

A

Hormones

Answer 239

A

Antibodies

Answer 240

A

Antigens

Answer 241

A

Glucose

Answer 242

A

Acts as a reservoir for the long-term storage of energy
Insulate and guard the body against the environment
Support and protect organs such as the eyes and kidneys
Provide essential substances necessary for growth and development
Lubricate the joints
Assist in the digestive process

Answer 243

A

<p><p><p>Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)</p></p></p>

Answer 244

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Answer 245

A

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Answer 246

A

<p><p><p>Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)</p></p></p>

Answer 247

A

46 different chromosomes (23 pairs)

Answer 248

A

Reproductive/germ cells exist singly, thus each has only 23 chromosomes, which pair up to form 46 chromosomes when a sperm fertilizes an egg

Answer 249

A

Genes

Answer 250

A

Human genome

Answer 251

A

Mapping

Answer 252

A

Acids
Bases
Salts/electrolytes

Answer 253

A

Acids

Answer 254

A

Bases

Answer 255

A

Salts/electrolytes

Answer 256

A

Water

| Mineral salts

Answer 257

A

Water, it is imperative for the correct amount of water in a cell to be maintained

Answer 258

A

80-85%

Answer 259

A

The medium in which the chemical reactions that are the bases of metabolic activities occur
Acts as a solvent, keeping compounds dissolved so that they can more easily interact and their concentration may be regulated

Answer 260

A

Functions as a transport vehicle for material the cell uses or eliminates
Responsible for maintaining a constant body core temperature of 98.6 F (37 C)
Protects organs such as the brain and lungs
Regulates concentration of dissolved substances
Lubricates the digestive system and skeletal articulations

Answer 261

A

98.6 F (37 C)

Answer 262

A

Proper cell performance
Creation of energy
Conduction of impulses along nerves (wouldn't know if you're touching or moving anything without it)

Answer 263

A

Mitosis

| Meiosis

Answer 264

A

Mitosis (M)

Answer 265

A

Meiosis

Answer 266

A

Oogonium

Answer 267

A

Spermatogonium

Answer 268

A

Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus

Answer 269

A

Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasmic organelles
Nucleus

Answer 270

A

<p><p><p>Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus/complex
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
Ribosomes
Centrosomes</p></p></p>

Answer 271

A

Cell membrane

Answer 272

A

Cytoplasm

Answer 273

A

<p><p><p>Water (primary)
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Salts
Minerals</p></p></p>

Answer 274

A

Accepts and builds up unrefined materials and assembles from these materials new substances such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
Catabolism
Packages substances for distribution to other areas of the cell or to various sites in the body through the circulation
Eliminates waste products

Answer 275

A

Cytoplasmic organelles

Answer 276

A

Tiny tubules
Vesicles
Granules
Fibrils

Answer 277

A

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Answer 278

A

Golgi apparatus/bodies/complex

Answer 279

A

Mitochondria

Answer 280

A

Lysosomes

Answer 281

A

Ribosomes

Answer 282

A

Nucleus

Answer 283

A

Mitotic spindle

Answer 284

A

M (mitosis phase)
G1 (pre-synthesis phase)
S (synthesis phase)
G2 (post-DNA synthesis phase)

Answer 285

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

Answer 286

A

G1
S
G2

Answer 287

A

Interphase (resting)

Answer 288

A

G1 (pre-synthesis phase)

Answer 289

A

S (synthesis phase)

Answer 290

A

Chromatid

Answer 291

A

G2 (post-DNA synthesis phase)

Answer 292

A

Prophase

Answer 293

A

Metaphase

Answer 294

A

Anaphase

Answer 295

A

Telophase

Answer 296

A

Monozygotic

| Identical twins

Answer 297

A

Dizygotic

| Fraternal twins

Answer 298

A

Polyzygotic siblings

Answer 299

A

Linear energy transfer
Relative biologic effectiveness
Oxygen enhancement ratio

Answer 300

A

Linear Energy Transfer (LET)

Answer 301

A

keV/μm

Answer 302

A

Low-linear energy transfer radiation

| High-linear energy transfer radiation (more damage)

Answer 303

A

Indirect, free radicals

Answer 304

A

X-rays

| Gamma rays

Answer 305

A

<p><p>Alpha particles
Beta particles
Protons
Ions of heavy nuclei
Charged particles released from interactions between neutrons and atoms
Low-energy neutrons</p></p>

Answer 306

A

High

Answer 307

A

Repair enzymes

Answer 308

A

Relative biologic effectiveness (RBE)

Answer 309

A

Oxygen enhancement ratio (OER)

Answer 310

A

Aerobic

Answer 311

A

Anoxic

Answer 312

A

Oxygen effect

Answer 313

A

Molecular
Cellular
Organic

Answer 314

A

Molecular level

Answer 315

A

Genetic mutations

Answer 316

A

<p><p>Direct action (e.g., in DNA)
Indirect action (e.g., in H2O)</p></p>

Answer 317

A

Direct action

Answer 318

A

Indirect action

Answer 319

A

Because the human body is composed of 80-85% water and less than 1% DNA

Answer 320

A

Radiolysis

Answer 321

A

Master/key molecule

Answer 322

A

DNA

Answer 323

A

Basal cells of the skin
Blood cells such as lymphocytes (white blood cells) and erythrocytes (red blood cells)
Intestinal crypt cells
Reproductive germ cells

Answer 324

A

Brain cells
Muscle cells
Nerve cells

Answer 325

A

Increases

Answer 326

A

Law of Bergoiné and Tribondeau

Answer 327

A

Different

Answer 328

A

Less

Answer 329

A

0.25 Gyt

Answer 330

A

Erythrocytes

Answer 331

A

LD 50/30

Answer 332

A

LD 50/60 because a human's recovery is slower than that of laboratory animals, and death may still occur at a later time following a substantial whole-body exposure

Answer 333

A

3.0-4.0 Gyt

Answer 334

A

Lymphocytes

Answer 335

A

0.25 Gyt or less

Answer 336

A

0.5-1 Gyt

Answer 337

A

Granulocytes

Answer 338

A

Thrombocytes/platelets

Answer 339

A

Early effects

Answer 340

A

High

Answer 341

A

Somatic effects

Answer 342

A

Early somatic effects

| Late somatic effects

Answer 343

A

Deterministic somatic effects (formerly called nonstochastic somatic effects)

Answer 344

A

<p><p>Late deterministic somatic effects
Late stochastic (probabilistic) effects</p></p>

Answer 345

A

Early deterministic somatic effects

Answer 346

A

6 Gyt

Answer 347

A

Acute radiation syndrome (ARS)

Answer 348

A

Hematopoietic syndrome (bone marrow syndrome) Gastrointestinal syndrome
Cerebrovascular syndrome

Answer 349

A

1-10 Gyt

Answer 350

A

Hematopoietic syndrome (bone marrow syndrome)

Answer 351

A

2 Gyt

Answer 352

A

6 Gyt, 10 Gyt

Answer 353

A

6-10 Gyt

Answer 354

A

Gastrointestinal syndrome

Answer 355

A

Small intestine because there’s a lot of absorption and cell regeneration

Answer 356

A

50 Gyt

Answer 357

A

Cerebrovascular syndrome

Answer 358

A

Prodromal, or initial, stage
Latent period
Manifest illness
Recovery or death

Answer 359

A

Prodromal, or initial, stage

Answer 360

A

Latent period

Answer 361

A

Manifest illness

Answer 362

A

Recovery or death

Answer 363

A

6 Gyt

Answer 364

A

Better

Answer 365

A

Atrophy

Answer 366

A

Desquamation

Answer 367

A

Epilation or loss of hair (alopecia)

Answer 368

A

Radiodermatitis
Desquamation
Epilation or loss of hair (alopecia)

Answer 369

A

0.1 Gyt

Answer 370

A

2 Gyt

Answer 371

A

5 or 6 Gyt

Answer 372

A

2 Gyt

| 5-6 Gyt

Answer 373

A

0.25 Gyt

Answer 374

A

Cytogenetics

Answer 375

A

Karyotype

Answer 376

A

Metaphase

Answer 377

A

Late effects

Answer 378

A

Cataracts
Leukemia
Genetic mutations

Answer 379

A

Dose-response curves

Answer 380

A

Linear

Answer 381

A

Nonlinear

Answer 382

A

Threshold

Answer 383

A

Nonthreshold

Answer 384

A

Linear-quadratic

Answer 385

A

Linear nonthreshold (LNT) curve

Answer 386

A

Linear threshold dose-response curve

Answer 387

A

Somatic (i.e., body) effects

Answer 388

A

Stochastic effects

| Deterministic effects

Answer 389

A

Stochastic effects

Answer 390

A

Deterministic effects

Answer 391

A

<p><p>Embryonic, fetal, or neonatal death
Congenital malformations
Decreased birth weight
Disturbances in growth and/or development
Increased stillbirths
Infant mortality
Childhood malignancy
Childhood mortality</p></p>

Answer 392

A

Cancer

| Genetic (heritable) effects

Answer 393

A

Late somatic effects

Answer 394

A

Late deterministic somatic effects

Answer 395

A

Late stochastic effects

Answer 396

A

0.1 Sievert (Sv)

Answer 397

A

Carcinogenesis (stochastic event)
Cataractogenesis (deterministic event)
Embryologic effects (birth defects) (stochastic events)

Answer 398

A

Linear

| Linear-quadratic (leukemia only)

Answer 399

A

Cancer

Answer 400

A

2 Gy

Answer 401

A

Threshold, nonlinear dose-response

Answer 402

A

Organogenesis

| First trimester

Answer 403

A

Effective dose (EfD) limiting system

Answer 404

A

International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)
National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP)
United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR)
National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (NAS/NRC-BEIR)

Answer 405

A

International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)

Answer 406

A

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP)

Answer 407

A

United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR)

Answer 408

A

National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (NAS/NRC-BEIR)

Answer 409

A

<p>Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
Agreement states
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Occupation Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)</p>

Answer 410

A

Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)

Answer 411

A

Agreement states

Answer 412

A

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Answer 413

A

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

Answer 414

A

Occupation Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

Answer 415

A

Oversee the program’s daily operation

| Provide for formal review of the program each year

Answer 416

A

Specifically responsible for developing an appropriate radiation safety program for the facility that follows internationally accepted guidelines for radiation protection
Must ensure that the facility’s operational radiation practices are such that all people, especially those who are or could be pregnant, are adequately protected from unnecessary exposure
To fulfill their responsibility, management of the facility must grant the RSO the authority necessary to implement and enforce the policies of the radiation safety program
Review and maintain radiation-monitoring records for all personnel
Be available to provide counseling for individuals

Answer 417

A

Exposure reproducibility

Answer 418

A

5% or less

Answer 419

A

Exposure linearity

Answer 420

A

Less than 0.1 (cannot exceed 10%)

Answer 421

A

The relationship between ionizing radiation and potential risk is assumed to be completely linear and without any threshold
In the interest of safety, risk of injury should be overestimated rather than underestimated

Answer 422

A

Linear

Answer 423

A

Deterministic effects

| Stochastic (probabilistic) effects

Answer 424

A

Deterministic effects

Answer 425

A

Erythema
Blood changes (decrease pf lymphocytes and platelets)
Epilation
Acute radiation syndrome

Answer 426

A

Hematopoietic syndrome
Gastrointestinal syndrome
Cerebrovascular syndrome

Answer 427

A

<p>Cataract formation
Fibrosis
Organ atrophy
Loss of parenchymal cells
Reduced fertility
Sterility caused by a decrease in reproductive cells</p>

Answer 428

A

Nonlinear, threshold curve that is sigmoidal (S-shaped) with a threshold
Not proportional to the dose

Answer 429

A

Stochastic (probabilistic) effects

Answer 430

A

Cancer

| Genetic alterations

Answer 431

A

Linear and the linear-quadratic dose-response curves

Answer 432

A

Linear nonthreshold relationship

Answer 433

A

EfD limiting system

Answer 434

A

Whole-body exposure
Partial-body exposure
Exposure of individual organs

Answer 435

A

Both the external and internal whole-body exposures

Answer 436

A

0.4 Sievert (Sv)

Answer 437

A

50 mSv

Answer 438

A

10 mSv x age

Answer 439

A

150 mSv

Answer 440

A

500 mSv

Answer 441

A

1 mSv

Answer 442

A

5 mSv

Answer 443

A

15 mSv

Answer 444

A

50 mSv

Answer 445

A

1 mSv

Answer 446

A

15 mSv

Answer 447

A

50 mSv

Answer 448

A

0.5 mSv

Answer 449

A

5.0 mSv

Answer 450

A

0.01 mSv

Answer 451

A

Cumulative effective dose (CumEfD) limit

Answer 452

A

Internal exposure

| External exposure

Answer 453

A

Effective dose (EfD)

Answer 454

A

Negligible individual dose (NID)

Answer 455

A

Off-focus/leakage radiation

Answer 456

A

Useful, or primary, beam

Answer 457

A

1 mGya/hr (100 mR/hr)

Answer 458

A

Carbon fiber material

Answer 459

A

2%

Answer 460

A

1%

Answer 461

A

Light-localizing variable-aperture rectangular collimator

Answer 462

A

Two sets of adjustable lead shutters mounted within the device at different levels
A light source to illuminate the x-ray field and permit it to be centered over the area of clinical interest
Mirror to deflect the light beam toward the patient to be radiographed

Answer 463

A

Upper shutters (first set of shutters)

Answer 464

A

Light-localizing variable-aperture rectangular collimator
Aperture diaphragms
Cones
Cylinders

Answer 465

A

Confine the useful, or primary, beam before it enters the area of clinical interest, thereby limiting the quantity of body tissue irradiated
Reduces the amount of scattered radiation in the tissue and prevents unnecessary exposure to tissues not under examination

Answer 466

A

Scatter radiation

Answer 467

A

Significant reduction in patient dose because less scatter radiation is produced by a smaller field size
Improves the overall quality of the radiographic image

Answer 468

A

Lower shutters (second set of shutters)

Answer 469

A

Luminance

Answer 470

A

2%

Answer 471

A

Positive beam limitation (PBL)

Answer 472

A

2-3%

Answer 473

A

Aperture diaphragms

Answer 474

A

Rectangular
Square
Round

Answer 475

A

Rectangular

|

Answer 476

A

Cones

Answer 477

A

Flared metal tube

Answer 478

A

Straight cylinder

Answer 479

A

Filtration

Answer 480

A

Because filtration absorbs some of the photons in a radiographic beam, it decreases the overall intensity (quantity, or amount) of incident radiation
The remaining photons, as a whole, are more penetrating and therefore less likely to be absorbed in body tissue
Hence, the absorbed dose to the patient decreases when the correct amount and type of filtration are placed in the radiographic beam

Answer 481

A

Inherent

| Added

Answer 482

A

Inherent filtration

Answer 483

A

Glass envelope encasing the x-ray tube
Insulating oil surrounding the tube
Glass window in the tube housing

Answer 484

A

0.5 mm aluminum equivalent

Answer 485

A

1 mm aluminum equivalent

Answer 486

A

2.5 mm aluminum equivalent at above 70 kVp

Answer 487

A

Total filtration

Answer 488

A

Sheets of aluminum (or the equivalent) of appropriate thickness
Collimators
Mirror

Answer 489

A

Added filtration

Answer 490

A

1.5 mm equivalent

Answer 491

A

Aluminum (Z=13)

Answer 492

A

Half-value layer (HVL)

Answer 493

A

Compensating filters

Answer 494

A

Aluminum
Lead-acrylic
Other suitable material

Answer 495

A

Wedge filter
Trough, or bilateral wedge filter
Boomerang

Answer 496

A

Wedge filter

Answer 497

A

Lateral knee (patella)
T-spine
Dedicated chest radiographs

Answer 498

A

Aluminum
Plastic
Wood

Answer 499

A

Radiographic grid

Answer 500

A

When the thickness of the body part to be radiographed is greater than 10 cm

Answer 501

A

Grid ratio

Answer 502

A

Focused grid

| Parallel grid

Answer 503

A

Focused grid

Answer 504

A

Parallel grid

Answer 505

A

Radiographic contrast

| Visibility of detail

Answer 506

A

At least 30 cm (12 inches)

Answer 507

A

100 cm (40 inches) or even 120 cm (48 inches)

Answer 508

A

Invisible/latent image

Answer 509

A

Analog image

Answer 510

A

Digital image

Answer 511

A

Contrast

Answer 512

A

Grayscale

Answer 513

A

Image matrix

Answer 514

A

Picture element/pixel

Answer 515

A

The sharpness of the image

Answer 516

A

Smaller, bigger

Answer 517

A

Advantage: contrast better because image can be manipulated
Disadvantage: film offers better detail

Answer 518

A

Electrical signals

Answer 519

A

A scintillator, such as amorphous silicon, to convert the x-ray energy into visible light
The visible light is converted into electrical signals by an array of transistors (TFTs) or an array of charge-coupled devices (CCDs)

Answer 520

A

A photoconductor, such as amorphous selenium, to convert the x-ray energy directly into electrical signals

Answer 521

A

Europium-activated barium fluorohalide

Answer 522

A

Helium-neon laser beam

Answer 523

A

A photomultiplier tube

Answer 524

A

Dose creep

Answer 525

A

Greater

Answer 526

A

More (most)

Answer 527

A

8 hours

Answer 528

A

Lower dose
Ease of use
Immediate imaging results
Manipulation of the image

Answer 529

A

Under

Answer 530

A

Brightness gain

Answer 531

A

Increased image brightness
Saving of time for for the radiologist
Patient skin dose reduction (scatter goes back to floor)

Answer 532

A

10,000 times

Answer 533

A

Photopic/cone vision

Answer 534

A

Scotopic/rod vision

Answer 535

A

Daytime vision

| Photopic/cone vision

Answer 536

A

Cesium iodide

Answer 537

A

Photoemissive materials

Answer 538

A

Zinc cadmium

Answer 539

A

Image intensification tube

Answer 540

A

Greater distance away

Answer 541

A

Increases, degraded

Answer 542

A

Intermittent, or pulsed, fluoroscopy

Answer 543

A

Practice significantly decreases patient dose, especially in long procedures
Helps extend the life of the tube

Answer 544

A

Last-image-hold

Answer 545

A

75-110 kVp

Answer 546

A

38 cm (15 inches)

Answer 547

A

Close

Answer 548

A

No less than 30 cm (12 inches)

Answer 549

A

Cumulative timer

Answer 550

A

Maximum of 100 mGya per minute (10 R/min)

Answer 551

A

2-mm lead equivalent

Answer 552

A

Short

Answer 553

A

Under

Answer 554

A

Pulsed progressive system

Answer 555

A

Holistic approach

Answer 556

A

Effective communication

Answer 557

A

Nonverbal communication

Answer 558

A

Voluntary motion

| Involuntary motion

Answer 559

A

Voluntary motion

Answer 560

A

Involuntary motion

Answer 561

A

Lens of the eye
Breasts
Reproductive organs
Thyroid

Answer 562

A

5 cm

Answer 563

A

3 times

Answer 564

A

50%

Answer 565

A

90-95%

Answer 566

A

2.5 cm (1 inch)

Answer 567

A

Flat contact shields
Shadow shields
Shaped contact shields
Clear lead shields

Answer 568

A

Flat contact shields

Answer 569

A

Under

Answer 570

A

Shadow shields

Answer 571

A

Shaped contact shields

Answer 572

A

Clear lead shields

Answer 573

A

Spatial resolution

Answer 574

A

Quantum noise/mottle

Answer 575

A

100%

Answer 576

A

13%

Answer 577

A

4-6%

Answer 578

A

1-2%

Answer 579

A

Milliampere-seconds (mAs)

Answer 580

A

Air-gap technique

Answer 581

A

8:1 ratio grid

Answer 582

A

Double dose

Answer 583

A

Chest x-ray examination on scheduled admission to the hospital
Chest x-ray as part of a preemployment physical
Lumbar spine examination as part of a preemployment physical
Chest x-ray or other unjustified examination as part of a routine health checkup
Chest x-ray examination for mass screening for tuberculosis (TB)
Whole-body multislice spiral computed tomography (CT) screening

Answer 584

A

Entrance skin exposure (ESE)

Answer 585

A

Thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD)

Answer 586

A

Skin dose

Answer 587

A

Genetically significant dose

Answer 588

A

0.20 mSv (20 mrem)

Answer 589

A

Less than 0.01 Gy

Answer 590

A

Equivalent dose (EqD)

Answer 591

A

General fluoroscopy (diagnostic)
Mobile examinations
C-arm fluoroscopy
General radiographic procedures

Answer 592

A

Scatter radiation

| Leakage radiation

Answer 593

A

0.5 mm of lead equivalent

Answer 594

A

Distance

Answer 595

A

Inverse square law (ISL)

Answer 596

A

I1/I2=(d2)^2/(d1)^2

Answer 597

A

Lead

| Concrete

Answer 598

A

Aprons
Gloves
Thyroid shields
Protective eyeglasses

Answer 599

A

Atomic number
Density
Thickness

Answer 600

A

Primary protective barrier

Answer 601

A

Consists of 1.6 mm (1/16 inch) lead
Extends 2.1 m (7 feet) upward from the floor of the x-ray room when the x-ray tube is 1.5 to 2.1 m (5 to 7 feet) from the wall in question

Answer 602

A

Secondary radiation

Answer 603

A

Secondary protective barriers

Answer 604

A

Should overlap the primary protective barrier by approximately 1.27 cm (1/2 inch)
Consists of 0.8 mm (1/32-inch) of lead

Answer 605

A

Control-booth barrier

Answer 606

A

Must extend 2.1 m (7 feet) upward from the floor

| Must be permanently secured to the floor

Answer 607

A

Two times

Answer 608

A

1.5-mm lead equivalent

Answer 609

A

1 mSv (100 mrem)

| 0.02 mSv (2 mrem)

Answer 610

A

Clear lead-acrylic secondary protective barrier

Answer 611

A

Shatter resistant
Can extend 2.1 m (7 feet) upward from the floor
Available in lead equivalency from 0.3 to 2 mm

Answer 612

A

0.5-mm lead equivalency

Answer 613

A

0.25-mm

Answer 614

A

0.25-mm lead equivalent

Answer 615

A

0.5-mm lead equivalent

Answer 616

A

0.35 mm

Answer 617

A

0.25-mm lead equivalent

Answer 618

A

0.25-mm lead equivalent

Answer 619

A

2 m (approximately 6 feet)

Answer 620

A

At a right angle (90-degrees)

Answer 621

A

Exceeds; lower

Answer 622

A

0.8 mm (1/32 inch) of lead

Answer 623

A

Primary radiation
Scatter radiation
Leakage radiation

Answer 624

A

Primary radiation

| Direct radiation

Answer 625

A

Radioisotopes

Answer 626

A

Iodine-125 (125I)

Answer 627

A

Iodine-131 (131I)

Answer 628

A

50 mSv per event

Answer 629

A

250 mSv per event

Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Final Flashcards

Brainscape's Knowledge Genome^TM