Final Flashcards
workers or working-class people, regarded collectively (often used with reference to Marxism)
Proletariat
the social class that came to own the means of production during modern industrialization
Bourgeois
Economic Community of West African Studies; the organization established in 1975 among the sixteen governments in West Africa
ECOWAS
Islamic law derived mostly from the Qur’an and the examples set by the Prophet Muhammad
Shari’a
The Muslim term for recognized religious minorities, such as Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians
People of the Book
Arabic term for “assembly”; used in Iran to describe the parliament
Majiles
Literally, “sign of God”. High-ranking clerics in Iran. The most senior ones – often no more than half a dozen – are known as Grand Ayatollahs
Ayatollahs
Highest ranking cleric; Head of state & government; Serves a life term; Decides who runs for President; appoints Chief Justice and directors of Radio and TV broadcasting
Supreme Leader
Political, economic, and social reforms aimed at modernizing Iran
White Revolution
former soviet state; borders Iran to the north
Azerbaijan
“The Nationalists” or the KMT (Kouming Tang)
KMT
Party- directed campaign designed to mobilize the population (“the masses”) in support or execution of major policies
Mass Campaigns
A feature of China’s socialist economy that provided guarantees of lifetime employment, income, and basic cradle-to-grave benefits to most urban and rural workers.
Iron Rice Bowl
A Chinese term that means “unit” and is the basic level of social organization and a major means of political control in China’s communist party-state. A person’s danwei is most often his or her workplace, such as a factory or an office
Workunit or Danwei
A person who occupies a position of authority in a communist party-state; cadres may or may not be Communist Party members.
Cadre
A system of personnel selection under which the Communist Party maintained control over the appointment of important officials in all spheres of social, economic, and political life. The term is also used to describe individuals chosen through this system and thus refers more broadly to the privileged circles in the Soviet Union and China.
Nomenklatura
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries; an organization dedicated to achieving stability in the price of oil, avoiding price fluctuations, and generally furthering the interests of the member states
OPEC
the committee made up of the top twenty-five leaders of the Chinese Communist party
Politburo
Traditional Islamic ruler. The emir presides over an “emirate,” or kingdom, in northern Nigeria.
Emir
a term used to describe the British style of colonialism in Nigeria and India in which local traditional leaders and political structures were used to help support the colonial governing structure
Indirect rule
Government officials control the funding for these public contracts and licenses. The term used to describe the government control over the use of licenses and contracts is rents; Companies or organizations will attempt to take advantage of the government regulations and contacts
Rent Seeking
The right of a sovereign state or an ethnic or other group that shares cultural and historical ties to live together in a given territory and in a manner they desire.
Self-determination
Shi’a Islam is still the official religion of Iran; Shi’a means “Shiat Ali,” or “the people of Ali”
Shi’a
A state dominated by the clergy, who rule on the grounds that they are the only interpreters of God’s will and law.
Theocracy
a committee created in the Iranian constitution to oversee the Majles (the parliament)
Guardian Council
August 1953; Coup d’état instigated by the United States CIA under Eisenhower and backed by the United Kingdom; Conditions for US help: open up Iranian oil to US companies; Overthrow of the democratically-elected Prime Minister, Mohammad Mossadeq
Operation Ajax
Persian term for guards, used to refer to the army of Revolutionary Guards formed during Iran’s Islamic Revolution
Pasdaran
former Soviet state; borders Iran
Armenia
Large-scale rural communities that were in charge of nearly all aspects of political, social, and economic life in the Chinese countryside from the late 1950s until the early 1980s, when they were disbanded and replaced by a system of household and village-based agricultural production
People’s communes
A label used by the Chinese Communist Party during the late Maoist era (1965–1976) to refer to the ideology of those political parties (including the Communist Party of the Soviet Union) or individuals judged to have betrayed what they believed to be the true meaning of the theory and practice of Marxism-Leninism.
Revisionism
A form of socialism in which government decisions (“commands”) rather than market mechanisms (such as supply and demand) are the major influences in determining the nation’s economic direction; also called Central Planning.
Command Economy
The economic plan that allows the private business to operate parallel to Central Planning (or the Command Economy).
Dual Track System
National People’s Congress; the legislature of the People’s Republic of China; It is under the control of the Chinese Communist Party and is not an independent branch of government
NPC
process undertaken in the Soviet Union under Stalin from 1929 into the early 1930s and in China under Mao in the 1950s, by which agricultural land was removed from private ownership and organized into large state and collective farms
Collectivization
Newly industrializing countries; A term used to describe a group of countries that achieved rapid economic development beginning in the 1960s largely stimulated by robust international trade (particularly exports) and guided by government policies.
NICs
an interventionist state acts vigorously to shape the performance of major sectors of the economy
Interventionist
In politics, aparty secretaryis a senior official within a politicalpartywith responsibility for the organizational and daily political work. In mostparties, theparty secretaryis second in rank to thepartyleader (orpartyChairman)
Party Secretary
Policy in China introduced in 1979; allowed only one child per family
One-Child Policy
Formal title of the head of the Chinese communist Party
General Secretary
form of government in which all power flows directly from the leader; this constitutes essentially the blending of the public and private sector
Patrimonialism
Former General Secretary of the Communist Party of China
Hu Jintao
political systems where elected officials and government workers feel they have a right to a share of government revenues and use them to benefit their supporters, co-religionists and members of their ethnic group (common in Nigeria)
Prebendalism
secret police, domestic security and intelligence service established by Iran’s Mohammad Reza Shah with the help of the US CIA
SAVAK
Employed by the British colonial regime in Nigeria. A system in which “chiefs” were selected by the British to oversee certain legal matters and assist the colonial enterprise in governance and law enforcement in local areas.
Warrant chiefs
Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta. The armed struggle against government oil companies and foreign multinational corporations have contributed to the degradation of their natural environment and natural livelihoods such as farming and fishing.
MEND
Sect of Islam who follow a chosen leader or the Caliph of the Islamic nation
Sunni
Ethnic group in Iran. Makes up about 24% of the population.
Azeri
Ethnic group in Iran (also: Syria, Iraq, and Turkey) who make up about 7% of population.
Kurd
Literally, “the proof of Islam.” In Iran, it means a medium-ranking cleric.
Hojjat al-Islams
Prayer leaders in Iran’s main urban mosques. Appointed by the Supreme Leader, they have considerable authority in the provinces.
Iman Jum’ehs
The Republic of China is the KMT and Taiwan
ROC
A military strategy based on small bands of soldiers (the guerrillas) who use hit-and-run tactics to attack a numerically superior and better-armed enemy.
Guerrilla Warfare
President of China. Also, chairman of the Communist Party.
Xi Jinping
In 1968, Mao started a program to send the high school and college educated urban youth to the countryside to “learn from the villagers” and help improve basic living conditions in the villages.
Sent-Down Youth
Township and village enterprises. Nonagricultural businesses and factories owned and run by local governments and private entrepreneurs in China’s rural areas. TVEs operate largely according to market forces and outside the state plan.
TVE
Chinese Communist Party. Single party which rules the People’s Republic of China.
CCP
China from 1911-1927
Warlord Period
One of the three institutions which makes policy in China. The others are the National Party Congress and the Politburo
Central Committee
The term used to describe the government control over the use of licenses and contracts
Rents
Structural adjustment program. Medium-term programs established by the World Bank intended to alter and reform the economic structures of highly indebted Third World countries as a condition for receiving international loans.
SAP
Ruled Iran from 1501-1722
Safavids
Ruling family of Iran from 1925-1979, overthrown in Iran’s Islamic Revolution.
Pahlavis
The official language of Iran
Farsi
Institution composed of some 86 clerics, whom the public elects for eight-year terms in Iran.
Assembly of Experts
Arabic term for “expediency,” “prudence,” or “advisability.” It is now used in Iran to refer to reasons of state or what is best for the Islamic Republic
Mashlahat
Literally “partisans of God.” In Iran, the term is used to describe religious vigilantes. In Lebanon, it is used to describe the Shi’i militia.
Hezbollahis
People’s Republic of China. Mainland China, ruled by the CCP
PRC
Bourgeois ideology is not wiped out by the revolution; the class-struggle continues, and even intensifies, during socialism
Cultural Revolution
A movement launched by Mao Zedong in 1958 to industrialize China very rapidly and thereby propel it toward communism. The Leap ended in economic disaster in 1960, causing one of the worst famines in human history
Great Leap Forward
Urban doctors or sent down youth with some medical training to live in villages and provide basic medical services
Barefoot Doctors
A Chinese term that means “connections” or “relationships,” and describes personal ties between individuals based on such things as common birthplace or mutual acquaintances. Guanxi are an important factor in China’s political and economic life
Guanxi
Became the leader of CCP after Mao’s death
Deng Xiaoping
What are Acephalous societies?
traditional Nigerian societies, such as the Igbo in the precolonial period, lacked executive (national) rulership as we have come to conceive of it. Instead they were governed by committee or consensus
The Hausa/Fulani are from what region in Nigeria?
Northern Region
What are Nigeria’s three largest ethnic groups?
Hausa/Fulani, Igbo, Yoruba
Nigeria’s economy is dependent on what export?
Oil/Petroleum
The Igbo are from what region in Nigeria?
Eastern Region
What are the most distinct components of Maoism?
Guerilla Warfare, New Democracy, Cultural Revolution
What was the Anti-Rightist Campaign?
Launched by Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Chairman Mao Zedong in 1957 in the aftermath of the Hundred Flowers Movement
What was the purpose of the Household Registration System in China?
To keep rural folks from moving to the cities
What are the Four Cardinal Principles?
1) uphold the socialist road 2) the dictatorship of the proletariat 3) the leadership of the Communist Party 4) Marxism-Leninism-Mao Zedong thought
What is the idea behind Socialism with Chinese Characteristics?
because China attempted to skip (leap) over the capitalist stage in the 1950s, the real way to get to socialism was to allow for the development of capitalist economy so China can reach socialism.
