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POLS 150 Final > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

workers or working-class people, regarded collectively (often used with reference to Marxism)

A

Proletariat

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2
Q

the social class that came to own the means of production during modern industrialization

A

Bourgeois

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3
Q

Economic Community of West African Studies; the organization established in 1975 among the sixteen governments in West Africa

A

ECOWAS

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4
Q

Islamic law derived mostly from the Qur’an and the examples set by the Prophet Muhammad

A

Shari’a

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5
Q

The Muslim term for recognized religious minorities, such as Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians

A

People of the Book

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6
Q

Arabic term for “assembly”; used in Iran to describe the parliament

A

Majiles

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7
Q

Literally, “sign of God”. High-ranking clerics in Iran. The most senior ones – often no more than half a dozen – are known as Grand Ayatollahs

A

Ayatollahs

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8
Q

Highest ranking cleric; Head of state & government; Serves a life term; Decides who runs for President; appoints Chief Justice and directors of Radio and TV broadcasting

A

Supreme Leader

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9
Q

Political, economic, and social reforms aimed at modernizing Iran

A

White Revolution

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10
Q

former soviet state; borders Iran to the north

A

Azerbaijan

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11
Q

“The Nationalists” or the KMT (Kouming Tang)

A

KMT

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12
Q

Party- directed campaign designed to mobilize the population (“the masses”) in support or execution of major policies

A

Mass Campaigns

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13
Q

A feature of China’s socialist economy that provided guarantees of lifetime employment, income, and basic cradle-to-grave benefits to most urban and rural workers.

A

Iron Rice Bowl

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14
Q

A Chinese term that means “unit” and is the basic level of social organization and a major means of political control in China’s communist party-state. A person’s danwei is most often his or her workplace, such as a factory or an office

A

Workunit or Danwei

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15
Q

A person who occupies a position of authority in a communist party-state; cadres may or may not be Communist Party members.

A

Cadre

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16
Q

A system of personnel selection under which the Communist Party maintained control over the appointment of important officials in all spheres of social, economic, and political life. The term is also used to describe individuals chosen through this system and thus refers more broadly to the privileged circles in the Soviet Union and China.

A

Nomenklatura

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17
Q

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries; an organization dedicated to achieving stability in the price of oil, avoiding price fluctuations, and generally furthering the interests of the member states

A

OPEC

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18
Q

the committee made up of the top twenty-five leaders of the Chinese Communist party

A

Politburo

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19
Q

Traditional Islamic ruler. The emir presides over an “emirate,” or kingdom, in northern Nigeria.

A

Emir

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20
Q

a term used to describe the British style of colonialism in Nigeria and India in which local traditional leaders and political structures were used to help support the colonial governing structure

A

Indirect rule

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21
Q

Government officials control the funding for these public contracts and licenses. The term used to describe the government control over the use of licenses and contracts is rents; Companies or organizations will attempt to take advantage of the government regulations and contacts

A

Rent Seeking

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22
Q

The right of a sovereign state or an ethnic or other group that shares cultural and historical ties to live together in a given territory and in a manner they desire.

A

Self-determination

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23
Q

Shi’a Islam is still the official religion of Iran; Shi’a means “Shiat Ali,” or “the people of Ali”

A

Shi’a

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24
Q

A state dominated by the clergy, who rule on the grounds that they are the only interpreters of God’s will and law.

A

Theocracy

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25
Q

a committee created in the Iranian constitution to oversee the Majles (the parliament)

A

Guardian Council

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26
Q

August 1953; Coup d’état instigated by the United States CIA under Eisenhower and backed by the United Kingdom; Conditions for US help: open up Iranian oil to US companies; Overthrow of the democratically-elected Prime Minister, Mohammad Mossadeq

A

Operation Ajax

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27
Q

Persian term for guards, used to refer to the army of Revolutionary Guards formed during Iran’s Islamic Revolution

A

Pasdaran

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28
Q

former Soviet state; borders Iran

A

Armenia

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29
Q

Large-scale rural communities that were in charge of nearly all aspects of political, social, and economic life in the Chinese countryside from the late 1950s until the early 1980s, when they were disbanded and replaced by a system of household and village-based agricultural production

A

People’s communes

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30
Q

A label used by the Chinese Communist Party during the late Maoist era (1965–1976) to refer to the ideology of those political parties (including the Communist Party of the Soviet Union) or individuals judged to have betrayed what they believed to be the true meaning of the theory and practice of Marxism-Leninism.

A

Revisionism

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31
Q

A form of socialism in which government decisions (“commands”) rather than market mechanisms (such as supply and demand) are the major influences in determining the nation’s economic direction; also called Central Planning.

A

Command Economy

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32
Q

The economic plan that allows the private business to operate parallel to Central Planning (or the Command Economy).

A

Dual Track System

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33
Q

National People’s Congress; the legislature of the People’s Republic of China; It is under the control of the Chinese Communist Party and is not an independent branch of government

A

NPC

34
Q

process undertaken in the Soviet Union under Stalin from 1929 into the early 1930s and in China under Mao in the 1950s, by which agricultural land was removed from private ownership and organized into large state and collective farms

A

Collectivization

35
Q

Newly industrializing countries; A term used to describe a group of countries that achieved rapid economic development beginning in the 1960s largely stimulated by robust international trade (particularly exports) and guided by government policies.

A

NICs

36
Q

an interventionist state acts vigorously to shape the performance of major sectors of the economy

A

Interventionist

37
Q

In politics, aparty secretaryis a senior official within a politicalpartywith responsibility for the organizational and daily political work. In mostparties, theparty secretaryis second in rank to thepartyleader (orpartyChairman)

A

Party Secretary

38
Q

Policy in China introduced in 1979; allowed only one child per family

A

One-Child Policy

39
Q

Formal title of the head of the Chinese communist Party

A

General Secretary

40
Q

form of government in which all power flows directly from the leader; this constitutes essentially the blending of the public and private sector

A

Patrimonialism

41
Q

Former General Secretary of the Communist Party of China

A

Hu Jintao

42
Q

political systems where elected officials and government workers feel they have a right to a share of government revenues and use them to benefit their supporters, co-religionists and members of their ethnic group (common in Nigeria)

A

Prebendalism

43
Q

secret police, domestic security and intelligence service established by Iran’s Mohammad Reza Shah with the help of the US CIA

A

SAVAK

44
Q

Employed by the British colonial regime in Nigeria. A system in which “chiefs” were selected by the British to oversee certain legal matters and assist the colonial enterprise in governance and law enforcement in local areas.

A

Warrant chiefs

45
Q

Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta. The armed struggle against government oil companies and foreign multinational corporations have contributed to the degradation of their natural environment and natural livelihoods such as farming and fishing.

A

MEND

46
Q

Sect of Islam who follow a chosen leader or the Caliph of the Islamic nation

A

Sunni

47
Q

Ethnic group in Iran. Makes up about 24% of the population.

A

Azeri

48
Q

Ethnic group in Iran (also: Syria, Iraq, and Turkey) who make up about 7% of population.

A

Kurd

49
Q

Literally, “the proof of Islam.” In Iran, it means a medium-ranking cleric.

A

Hojjat al-Islams

50
Q

Prayer leaders in Iran’s main urban mosques. Appointed by the Supreme Leader, they have considerable authority in the provinces.

A

Iman Jum’ehs

51
Q

The Republic of China is the KMT and Taiwan

A

ROC

52
Q

A military strategy based on small bands of soldiers (the guerrillas) who use hit-and-run tactics to attack a numerically superior and better-armed enemy.

A

Guerrilla Warfare

53
Q

President of China. Also, chairman of the Communist Party.

A

Xi Jinping

54
Q

In 1968, Mao started a program to send the high school and college educated urban youth to the countryside to “learn from the villagers” and help improve basic living conditions in the villages.

A

Sent-Down Youth

55
Q

Township and village enterprises. Nonagricultural businesses and factories owned and run by local governments and private entrepreneurs in China’s rural areas. TVEs operate largely according to market forces and outside the state plan.

A

TVE

56
Q

Chinese Communist Party. Single party which rules the People’s Republic of China.

A

CCP

57
Q

China from 1911-1927

A

Warlord Period

58
Q

One of the three institutions which makes policy in China. The others are the National Party Congress and the Politburo

A

Central Committee

59
Q

The term used to describe the government control over the use of licenses and contracts

A

Rents

60
Q

Structural adjustment program. Medium-term programs established by the World Bank intended to alter and reform the economic structures of highly indebted Third World countries as a condition for receiving international loans.

A

SAP

61
Q

Ruled Iran from 1501-1722

A

Safavids

62
Q

Ruling family of Iran from 1925-1979, overthrown in Iran’s Islamic Revolution.

A

Pahlavis

63
Q

The official language of Iran

A

Farsi

64
Q

Institution composed of some 86 clerics, whom the public elects for eight-year terms in Iran.

A

Assembly of Experts

65
Q

Arabic term for “expediency,” “prudence,” or “advisability.” It is now used in Iran to refer to reasons of state or what is best for the Islamic Republic

A

Mashlahat

66
Q

Literally “partisans of God.” In Iran, the term is used to describe religious vigilantes. In Lebanon, it is used to describe the Shi’i militia.

A

Hezbollahis

67
Q

People’s Republic of China. Mainland China, ruled by the CCP

A

PRC

68
Q

Bourgeois ideology is not wiped out by the revolution; the class-struggle continues, and even intensifies, during socialism

A

Cultural Revolution

69
Q

A movement launched by Mao Zedong in 1958 to industrialize China very rapidly and thereby propel it toward communism. The Leap ended in economic disaster in 1960, causing one of the worst famines in human history

A

Great Leap Forward

70
Q

Urban doctors or sent down youth with some medical training to live in villages and provide basic medical services

A

Barefoot Doctors

71
Q

A Chinese term that means “connections” or “relationships,” and describes personal ties between individuals based on such things as common birthplace or mutual acquaintances. Guanxi are an important factor in China’s political and economic life

A

Guanxi

72
Q

Became the leader of CCP after Mao’s death

A

Deng Xiaoping

73
Q

What are Acephalous societies?

A

traditional Nigerian societies, such as the Igbo in the precolonial period, lacked executive (national) rulership as we have come to conceive of it. Instead they were governed by committee or consensus

74
Q

The Hausa/Fulani are from what region in Nigeria?

A

Northern Region

75
Q

What are Nigeria’s three largest ethnic groups?

A

Hausa/Fulani, Igbo, Yoruba

76
Q

Nigeria’s economy is dependent on what export?

A

Oil/Petroleum

77
Q

The Igbo are from what region in Nigeria?

A

Eastern Region

78
Q

What are the most distinct components of Maoism?

A

Guerilla Warfare, New Democracy, Cultural Revolution

79
Q

What was the Anti-Rightist Campaign?

A

Launched by Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Chairman Mao Zedong in 1957 in the aftermath of the Hundred Flowers Movement

80
Q

What was the purpose of the Household Registration System in China?

A

To keep rural folks from moving to the cities

81
Q

What are the Four Cardinal Principles?

A

1) uphold the socialist road 2) the dictatorship of the proletariat 3) the leadership of the Communist Party 4) Marxism-Leninism-Mao Zedong thought

82
Q

What is the idea behind Socialism with Chinese Characteristics?

A

because China attempted to skip (leap) over the capitalist stage in the 1950s, the real way to get to socialism was to allow for the development of capitalist economy so China can reach socialism.

POLS 150 Final (1 decks)

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