Final

Question 1

workers or working-class people, regarded collectively (often used with reference to Marxism)

Answer 1

Proletariat

Question 2

the social class that came to own the means of production during modern industrialization

Answer 2

Bourgeois

Question 3

Economic Community of West African Studies; the organization established in 1975 among the sixteen governments in West Africa

Answer 3

ECOWAS

Question 4

Islamic law derived mostly from the Qur’an and the examples set by the Prophet Muhammad

Answer 4

Shari’a

Question 5

The Muslim term for recognized religious minorities, such as Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians

Answer 5

People of the Book

Question 6

Arabic term for “assembly”; used in Iran to describe the parliament

Answer 6

Majiles

Question 7

Literally, “sign of God”. High-ranking clerics in Iran. The most senior ones – often no more than half a dozen – are known as Grand Ayatollahs

Answer 7

Ayatollahs

Question 8

Highest ranking cleric; Head of state & government; Serves a life term; Decides who runs for President; appoints Chief Justice and directors of Radio and TV broadcasting

Answer 8

Supreme Leader

Question 9

Political, economic, and social reforms aimed at modernizing Iran

Answer 9

White Revolution

Question 10

former soviet state; borders Iran to the north

Answer 10

Azerbaijan

Question 11

“The Nationalists” or the KMT (Kouming Tang)

Answer 11

KMT

Question 12

Party- directed campaign designed to mobilize the population (“the masses”) in support or execution of major policies

Answer 12

Mass Campaigns

Question 13

A feature of China’s socialist economy that provided guarantees of lifetime employment, income, and basic cradle-to-grave benefits to most urban and rural workers.

Answer 13

Iron Rice Bowl

Question 14

A Chinese term that means “unit” and is the basic level of social organization and a major means of political control in China’s communist party-state. A person’s danwei is most often his or her workplace, such as a factory or an office

Answer 14

Workunit or Danwei

Question 15

A person who occupies a position of authority in a communist party-state; cadres may or may not be Communist Party members.

Answer 15

Cadre

Question 16

A system of personnel selection under which the Communist Party maintained control over the appointment of important officials in all spheres of social, economic, and political life. The term is also used to describe individuals chosen through this system and thus refers more broadly to the privileged circles in the Soviet Union and China.

Answer 16

Nomenklatura

Question 17

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries; an organization dedicated to achieving stability in the price of oil, avoiding price fluctuations, and generally furthering the interests of the member states

Answer 17

OPEC

Question 18

the committee made up of the top twenty-five leaders of the Chinese Communist party

Answer 18

Politburo

Question 19

Traditional Islamic ruler. The emir presides over an “emirate,” or kingdom, in northern Nigeria.

Answer 19

Emir

Question 20

a term used to describe the British style of colonialism in Nigeria and India in which local traditional leaders and political structures were used to help support the colonial governing structure

Answer 20

Indirect rule

Question 21

Government officials control the funding for these public contracts and licenses. The term used to describe the government control over the use of licenses and contracts is rents; Companies or organizations will attempt to take advantage of the government regulations and contacts

Answer 21

Rent Seeking

Question 22

The right of a sovereign state or an ethnic or other group that shares cultural and historical ties to live together in a given territory and in a manner they desire.

Answer 22

Self-determination

Question 23

Shi’a Islam is still the official religion of Iran; Shi’a means “Shiat Ali,” or “the people of Ali”

Answer 23

Shi’a

Question 24

A state dominated by the clergy, who rule on the grounds that they are the only interpreters of God’s will and law.

Answer 24

Theocracy

Question 25

a committee created in the Iranian constitution to oversee the Majles (the parliament)

Answer 25

Guardian Council

Question 26

August 1953; Coup d'état instigated by the United States CIA under Eisenhower and backed by the United Kingdom; Conditions for US help: open up Iranian oil to US companies; Overthrow of the democratically-elected Prime Minister, Mohammad Mossadeq

Answer 26

Operation Ajax

Question 27

Persian term for guards, used to refer to the army of Revolutionary Guards formed during Iran’s Islamic Revolution

Answer 27

Pasdaran

Question 28

former Soviet state; borders Iran

Answer 28

Armenia

Question 29

Large-scale rural communities that were in charge of nearly all aspects of political, social, and economic life in the Chinese countryside from the late 1950s until the early 1980s, when they were disbanded and replaced by a system of household and village-based agricultural production

Answer 29

People's communes

Question 30

A label used by the Chinese Communist Party during the late Maoist era (1965–1976) to refer to the ideology of those political parties (including the Communist Party of the Soviet Union) or individuals judged to have betrayed what they believed to be the true meaning of the theory and practice of Marxism-Leninism.

Answer 30

Revisionism

Question 31

A form of socialism in which government decisions (“commands”) rather than market mechanisms (such as supply and demand) are the major influences in determining the nation’s economic direction; also called Central Planning.

Answer 31

Command Economy

Question 32

The economic plan that allows the private business to operate parallel to Central Planning (or the Command Economy).

Answer 32

Dual Track System

Question 33

National People’s Congress; the legislature of the People’s Republic of China; It is under the control of the Chinese Communist Party and is not an independent branch of government

Answer 33

NPC

Question 34

process undertaken in the Soviet Union under Stalin from 1929 into the early 1930s and in China under Mao in the 1950s, by which agricultural land was removed from private ownership and organized into large state and collective farms

Answer 34

Collectivization

Question 35

Newly industrializing countries; A term used to describe a group of countries that achieved rapid economic development beginning in the 1960s largely stimulated by robust international trade (particularly exports) and guided by government policies.

Answer 35

NICs

Question 36

an interventionist state acts vigorously to shape the performance of major sectors of the economy

Answer 36

Interventionist

Question 37

In politics, a party secretary is a senior official within a political party with responsibility for the organizational and daily political work. In most parties, the party secretary is second in rank to the party leader (or party Chairman)

Answer 37

Party Secretary

Question 38

Policy in China introduced in 1979; allowed only one child per family

Answer 38

One-Child Policy

Question 39

Formal title of the head of the Chinese communist Party

Answer 39

General Secretary

Question 40

form of government in which all power flows directly from the leader; this constitutes essentially the blending of the public and private sector

Answer 40

Patrimonialism

Question 41

Former General Secretary of the Communist Party of China

Answer 41

Hu Jintao

Question 42

political systems where elected officials and government workers feel they have a right to a share of government revenues and use them to benefit their supporters, co-religionists and members of their ethnic group (common in Nigeria)

Answer 42

Prebendalism

Question 43

secret police, domestic security and intelligence service established by Iran’s Mohammad Reza Shah with the help of the US CIA

Answer 43

SAVAK

Question 44

Employed by the British colonial regime in Nigeria. A system in which “chiefs” were selected by the British to oversee certain legal matters and assist the colonial enterprise in governance and law enforcement in local areas.

Answer 44

Warrant chiefs

Question 45

Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta. The armed struggle against government oil companies and foreign multinational corporations have contributed to the degradation of their natural environment and natural livelihoods such as farming and fishing.

Answer 45

MEND

Question 46

Sect of Islam who follow a chosen leader or the Caliph of the Islamic nation

Answer 46

Sunni

Question 47

Ethnic group in Iran. Makes up about 24% of the population.

Answer 47

Azeri

Question 48

Ethnic group in Iran (also: Syria, Iraq, and Turkey) who make up about 7% of population.

Answer 48

Kurd

Question 49

Literally, “the proof of Islam.” In Iran, it means a medium-ranking cleric.

Answer 49

Hojjat al-Islams

Question 50

Prayer leaders in Iran’s main urban mosques. Appointed by the Supreme Leader, they have considerable authority in the provinces.

Answer 50

Iman Jum'ehs

Question 51

The Republic of China is the KMT and Taiwan

Answer 51

ROC

Question 52

A military strategy based on small bands of soldiers (the guerrillas) who use hit-and-run tactics to attack a numerically superior and better-armed enemy.

Answer 52

Guerrilla Warfare

Question 53

President of China. Also, chairman of the Communist Party.

Answer 53

Xi Jinping

Question 54

In 1968, Mao started a program to send the high school and college educated urban youth to the countryside to “learn from the villagers” and help improve basic living conditions in the villages.

Answer 54

Sent-Down Youth

Question 55

Township and village enterprises. Nonagricultural businesses and factories owned and run by local governments and private entrepreneurs in China’s rural areas. TVEs operate largely according to market forces and outside the state plan.

Answer 55

TVE

Question 56

Chinese Communist Party. Single party which rules the People’s Republic of China.

Answer 56

CCP

Question 57

China from 1911-1927

Answer 57

Warlord Period

Question 58

One of the three institutions which makes policy in China. The others are the National Party Congress and the Politburo

Answer 58

Central Committee

Question 59

The term used to describe the government control over the use of licenses and contracts

Answer 59

Rents

Question 60

Structural adjustment program. Medium-term programs established by the World Bank intended to alter and reform the economic structures of highly indebted Third World countries as a condition for receiving international loans.

Answer 60

SAP

Question 61

Ruled Iran from 1501-1722

Answer 61

Safavids

Question 62

Ruling family of Iran from 1925-1979, overthrown in Iran’s Islamic Revolution.

Answer 62

Pahlavis

Question 63

The official language of Iran

Answer 63

Farsi

Question 64

Institution composed of some 86 clerics, whom the public elects for eight-year terms in Iran.

Answer 64

Assembly of Experts

Question 65

Arabic term for “expediency,” “prudence,” or “advisability.” It is now used in Iran to refer to reasons of state or what is best for the Islamic Republic

Answer 65

Mashlahat

Question 66

Literally “partisans of God.” In Iran, the term is used to describe religious vigilantes. In Lebanon, it is used to describe the Shi’i militia.

Answer 66

Hezbollahis

Question 67

People’s Republic of China. Mainland China, ruled by the CCP

Answer 67

PRC

Question 68

Bourgeois ideology is not wiped out by the revolution; the class-struggle continues, and even intensifies, during socialism

Answer 68

Cultural Revolution

Question 69

A movement launched by Mao Zedong in 1958 to industrialize China very rapidly and thereby propel it toward communism. The Leap ended in economic disaster in 1960, causing one of the worst famines in human history

Answer 69

Great Leap Forward

Question 70

Urban doctors or sent down youth with some medical training to live in villages and provide basic medical services

Answer 70

Barefoot Doctors

Question 71

A Chinese term that means “connections” or “relationships,” and describes personal ties between individuals based on such things as common birthplace or mutual acquaintances. Guanxi are an important factor in China’s political and economic life

Answer 71

Guanxi

Question 72

Became the leader of CCP after Mao’s death

Answer 72

Deng Xiaoping

Question 73

What are Acephalous societies?

Answer 73

traditional Nigerian societies, such as the Igbo in the precolonial period, lacked executive (national) rulership as we have come to conceive of it. Instead they were governed by committee or consensus

Question 74

The Hausa/Fulani are from what region in Nigeria?

Answer 74

Northern Region

Question 75

What are Nigeria's three largest ethnic groups?

Answer 75

Hausa/Fulani, Igbo, Yoruba

Question 76

Nigeria's economy is dependent on what export?

Answer 76

Oil/Petroleum

Question 77

The Igbo are from what region in Nigeria?

Answer 77

Eastern Region

Question 78

What are the most distinct components of Maoism?

Answer 78

Guerilla Warfare, New Democracy, Cultural Revolution

Question 79

What was the Anti-Rightist Campaign?

Answer 79

Launched by Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Chairman Mao Zedong in 1957 in the aftermath of the Hundred Flowers Movement

Question 80

What was the purpose of the Household Registration System in China?

Answer 80

To keep rural folks from moving to the cities

Question 81

What are the Four Cardinal Principles?

Answer 81

1) uphold the socialist road 2) the dictatorship of the proletariat 3) the leadership of the Communist Party 4) Marxism-Leninism-Mao Zedong thought

Question 82

What is the idea behind Socialism with Chinese Characteristics?

Answer 82

because China attempted to skip (leap) over the capitalist stage in the 1950s, the real way to get to socialism was to allow for the development of capitalist economy so China can reach socialism.