Final Flashcards
Identify conditions which influence the rate of GFR
GFR determined by: filtration pressure in glomeruli and permeable surface of glomerular membrane.
-Hydrostatic pressure in Bowman’s capsule determined by filtrte present in capsule.
-Increased pressure in Bowman’s capsule
-Concentrated plasma proteins
-Changes in glomerular membrane permeability due to disease
-afferent & efferent vascular resistance
juxtaglomerular apparatus
Identify conditions which influence the rate of GFR
GFR determined by: filtration pressure in glomeruli and permeable surface of glomerular membrane.
-Hydrostatic pressure in Bowman’s capsule determined by filtrate present in capsule.
-Increased pressure in Bowman’s capsule
-Concentrated plasma proteins
-Changes in glomerular membrane permeability due to disease
-afferent & efferent vascular resistance
juxtaglomerular apparatus
Which hormones are associated with fluid reabsorption an diueresis and where in the kidney they have their effect?
- AldosteroneI&II: increase Na reabsorption
- ANP&urodilantin inhibit reabsorption
What is the kidney’s role in acid-base balance and the etiology behind the development of metabolic acidosis
Kidneys excrete H+ to regulate HCO3-
- HCO3- combine with H+, give off H20 and CO2.
- Urine buffers HPO42- and NH3 bind with excess H+ & increase kidney to secrete acid load.
- High PaCO2 = more carbonic acid
- kidneys compensate by excreteig H+, creating new HCO3- from excess CO2 and H+ excreted in urine.
- NH4+ produced which exchanges in urine for HCO3- in blood, increasing base levels.
What is the pathophysiology of the complications associated with chronic kidney disease
HTN & cardio disease, Azotemia/Uremic syndrome, Metabolic acidosis, electro imbalance, insufficient Vitamin D, malnutrition, anemia, pain
How are the stages of renal failure determined
Determined by RIFLE
What are the clinical manifestations associated with the stages of the RIFLE criteria
Risk= first stage of AKI increase creatinine by 1.5 or decreased GFR 25% (
Injury=Second stage of AKI increased creatinine x2 or GFT decrease by 50%
Failure=third stage AKI increased creatinine x3 or GFR decrease by 75%
Loss= fourth stage presistent acute Kidney failure, loss fxn >4wk
End-stage kidney disease= complete loss of kidney function >3mon
Differentiate the predisposing/causative factors for pre, post, and intrarenal failure
Pre-low perfusion of kidney; low GFR, oliguria, high urine specific gravity & osmolality, low urine sodium
Post-obstruction of normal outflow of urine
Intra-direct damage to kidneys by inflammation, toxins, drugs, infection, reduced blood supply
What is glomerulonephritis?
inflammation of kidney caused by immune response of glomeruli.
What are S/S of glomerulonephritis?
dark urine, preinuria, edema, HTN, oliguria, increased creatinine & BUN
Identify high risk populations, clinical manifestations, and complications for urinary tract infections (including pyelonephritis)
Women and elderly
What is nephrotic syndrome?
increase glomerulary permeabilit to proteins. Proteinuria leads to edema.
Increased liver activity by hyperlipidemia and hypercoagulability
Identify the functions of each of the components of the nephron
- Glomerulus
- Bowman’s capsule:
- Proximal convulted tubule:
- Descending loope of henle:
- Ascending loop of henle:
- Distal convoluted tubule:
- Collecting tubule:
Describe the purposes and procedures for the various renal diagnostic tests
To test function of renal system
Identify the actions for the different classifications of diuretics
NO WATER REABSORPTION Osmotic diuretics: ACE inhibitors: K+ sparing Loop diuretics (Lasix): Thiazide-like diuretics: K+ release Aldosterone inhibitors: K+ sparing
reabsorption of up to ⅔ water & electrolytes is the function of this part of the nephron
proximal convoluted tubule
Know the function of each organ in the digestive system
- Mouth: break down food w/saliva
- Esophagus: move food from mouth to stomach
- Stomach: mix food w/digestive protein
- Small intestine: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
- large intestine: Colon, appendix
identify the etiology and complications of choleolithiasis
gallbladder stones; s/s sharp pain
Describe the rationale for the management of the patient with acute pancreatitis
inflamed pancreas due to digestive enzymes
Identify the causative agents implicated in PUD
excessive pain killlers, smoking, acid, drinking, illness, radiation of treatment
this is normal finding on a urinalysis
yellow, clear, no blood, (look up)
Describe the pathophysiology of hepatic encephalopathy and possible treatment modalities
associated w/hepatic failure or severe chronic liver disease, increased ammonia levels in blood. s/s confusion, lethargy, coma, grade 1, confusion grade 2 drowsy, grade 3 confused slurred speach, grade 4 coma.
Tx: restrict protein >400g carbs daily.
Describe jaudice and the pathophysiology associated with conjugated vs unconjugated bilirubin
Yellowing of skin, bilirubin released from liver
Define cirrhosis
irreversable end stage of hepatic injuries; no blood flow to liver
