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UNRS 367 Pathophysiology > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Identify conditions which influence the rate of GFR

A

GFR determined by: filtration pressure in glomeruli and permeable surface of glomerular membrane.
-Hydrostatic pressure in Bowman’s capsule determined by filtrte present in capsule.
-Increased pressure in Bowman’s capsule
-Concentrated plasma proteins
-Changes in glomerular membrane permeability due to disease
-afferent & efferent vascular resistance
juxtaglomerular apparatus

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2
Q

Identify conditions which influence the rate of GFR

A

GFR determined by: filtration pressure in glomeruli and permeable surface of glomerular membrane.
-Hydrostatic pressure in Bowman’s capsule determined by filtrate present in capsule.
-Increased pressure in Bowman’s capsule
-Concentrated plasma proteins
-Changes in glomerular membrane permeability due to disease
-afferent & efferent vascular resistance
juxtaglomerular apparatus

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3
Q

Which hormones are associated with fluid reabsorption an diueresis and where in the kidney they have their effect?

A
  • AldosteroneI&II: increase Na reabsorption

- ANP&urodilantin inhibit reabsorption

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4
Q

What is the kidney’s role in acid-base balance and the etiology behind the development of metabolic acidosis

A

Kidneys excrete H+ to regulate HCO3-

  • HCO3- combine with H+, give off H20 and CO2.
  • Urine buffers HPO42- and NH3 bind with excess H+ & increase kidney to secrete acid load.
  • High PaCO2 = more carbonic acid
  • kidneys compensate by excreteig H+, creating new HCO3- from excess CO2 and H+ excreted in urine.
  • NH4+ produced which exchanges in urine for HCO3- in blood, increasing base levels.
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5
Q

What is the pathophysiology of the complications associated with chronic kidney disease

A

HTN & cardio disease, Azotemia/Uremic syndrome, Metabolic acidosis, electro imbalance, insufficient Vitamin D, malnutrition, anemia, pain

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6
Q

How are the stages of renal failure determined

A

Determined by RIFLE

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7
Q

What are the clinical manifestations associated with the stages of the RIFLE criteria

A

Risk= first stage of AKI increase creatinine by 1.5 or decreased GFR 25% (
Injury=Second stage of AKI increased creatinine x2 or GFT decrease by 50%
Failure=third stage AKI increased creatinine x3 or GFR decrease by 75%
Loss= fourth stage presistent acute Kidney failure, loss fxn >4wk
End-stage kidney disease= complete loss of kidney function >3mon

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8
Q

Differentiate the predisposing/causative factors for pre, post, and intrarenal failure

A

Pre-low perfusion of kidney; low GFR, oliguria, high urine specific gravity & osmolality, low urine sodium
Post-obstruction of normal outflow of urine
Intra-direct damage to kidneys by inflammation, toxins, drugs, infection, reduced blood supply

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9
Q

What is glomerulonephritis?

A

inflammation of kidney caused by immune response of glomeruli.

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10
Q

What are S/S of glomerulonephritis?

A

dark urine, preinuria, edema, HTN, oliguria, increased creatinine & BUN

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11
Q

Identify high risk populations, clinical manifestations, and complications for urinary tract infections (including pyelonephritis)

A

Women and elderly

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12
Q

What is nephrotic syndrome?

A

increase glomerulary permeabilit to proteins. Proteinuria leads to edema.
Increased liver activity by hyperlipidemia and hypercoagulability

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13
Q

Identify the functions of each of the components of the nephron

A
  • Glomerulus
  • Bowman’s capsule:
  • Proximal convulted tubule:
  • Descending loope of henle:
  • Ascending loop of henle:
  • Distal convoluted tubule:
  • Collecting tubule:
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14
Q

Describe the purposes and procedures for the various renal diagnostic tests

A

To test function of renal system

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15
Q

Identify the actions for the different classifications of diuretics

A 
NO WATER REABSORPTION
Osmotic diuretics:
ACE inhibitors: K+ sparing
Loop diuretics (Lasix):
Thiazide-like diuretics: K+ release
Aldosterone inhibitors: K+ sparing
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16
Q

reabsorption of up to ⅔ water & electrolytes is the function of this part of the nephron

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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17
Q

Know the function of each organ in the digestive system

A
  • Mouth: break down food w/saliva
  • Esophagus: move food from mouth to stomach
  • Stomach: mix food w/digestive protein
  • Small intestine: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
  • large intestine: Colon, appendix
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18
Q

identify the etiology and complications of choleolithiasis

A

gallbladder stones; s/s sharp pain

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19
Q

Describe the rationale for the management of the patient with acute pancreatitis

A

inflamed pancreas due to digestive enzymes

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20
Q

Identify the causative agents implicated in PUD

A

excessive pain killlers, smoking, acid, drinking, illness, radiation of treatment

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21
Q

this is normal finding on a urinalysis

A

yellow, clear, no blood, (look up)

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22
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of hepatic encephalopathy and possible treatment modalities

A

associated w/hepatic failure or severe chronic liver disease, increased ammonia levels in blood. s/s confusion, lethargy, coma, grade 1, confusion grade 2 drowsy, grade 3 confused slurred speach, grade 4 coma.
Tx: restrict protein >400g carbs daily.

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23
Q

Describe jaudice and the pathophysiology associated with conjugated vs unconjugated bilirubin

A

Yellowing of skin, bilirubin released from liver

24
Q

Define cirrhosis

A

irreversable end stage of hepatic injuries; no blood flow to liver

25
Q

this is the amount of nephron loss that is distinctive for diagnosis of ESRD

A

90%

26
Q

Describe diverticulosis/diverticulitis

A

presence of diverticular in colon; due to low fiber, s/s fever, lower abdominal pain, asymptomatic Tx: antibiotics, surgery if complicated

27
Q

Identify lab tests specific for liver disease

A

-Elevated AST>ALT (Alcohol toxic)
-Elevated ALT>AST (Viral hepatitis)
Elevated ALP
-Bilirubin

28
Q

he term for minimal or no urine output

A

anuria

29
Q

nephrolithiasis begins as a result of this

A

supersaturation of urine

30
Q

Identify factors involved with colon cancer

A

> 40yrs, high fat, lower ifber, polyps, chronic irriation or inflammation, herditary

31
Q

polyps

A

major risk factor for colon cancer

32
Q

this drug is commonly asco with acute hepatic disease

A

tylenol (annadote know)

33
Q

Normal levels of creatinine and BUN

A

Creatinine: 0.6-1.2
BUN: 7-20

34
Q

this disease is the end stage of many different hepatic injuries

A

cirrhosis

35
Q

this is an opportunistic infection frequently related to taking antibiotics

A

c. diff

36
Q

the small intestine is responsible for these important functions

A

digestion and absorption of all nutrients

37
Q

pathophysiologically, esophageal varices can be attributed to this

A

portal hypertension

38
Q

cholecystitis is most commonly a result of this medical problem

A

gall stones (cholelithiasis)

39
Q

this disease may be a result of chronic pancreatitis

A

diabetes type II

40
Q

this is the most specific lab test for acute pancreatitis

A

lipase and amylase; lipase is more specific for pancreas function

41
Q

this is the condition that presents with vomiting bright red blood

A

esophageal varices

42
Q

strong correlation with this and pancreatitis

A

alcohol

43
Q

one of the hormones of the duodenum

A

secretin→ goes to pancreas to signal

44
Q

paralytic ileus often occurs after this

A

surgery

45
Q

Increase pressure in bowman’s capsule would result in this effect on GFR

A

decrease GFR

46
Q

this is when a section of the mucosa and the bowel wall herniates

A

diverticulosis (diverticulitis is the disease know the difference)

47
Q

this disease process is clinically manifested as a dysfunction of motility of the intestinal tract

A

IBS (irritable bowel syndrome) (gas, diarrhea, constipation)

48
Q

NPO status and continuous gastric suctioning is the treatment for this disorder

A

Acute pancreatitis

49
Q

this lab test is most specific for liver function

A

alkaline phosphatase, AST, ALT, Bilirubin

50
Q

pancreatic secretions have a high level of this electrolyte

A

bicarbonate (HCO3-)

51
Q

hepatic encephalopathy is associated with

A

high levels of ammonia

52
Q

this skin color is common manifestation of liver disease

A

yellow (jaundice)

53
Q

helicobacter pylori has been implicated in the pathogenesis of which disease

A

gastritis and peptic ulcer disease

54
Q

this type of hepatitis has an effective vaccine

A

hepatitis B

55
Q

What is CKD?

A

Chronic Kidney Disease: progression of irrevocable loss of nephrons. r/t DM, HTN, reoccurring kidney disorders

56
Q

this drug is commonly associated with acute hepatic disease

A

tylenol (annadote know)

UNRS 367 Pathophysiology (2 decks)

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