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biology lab > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

biuret reagent

A

blue copper based solution that reacts with proteins to produce a purple color

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2
Q

Insulin

A

a peptide hormone that is synthesized in the pancreas and plays a significant role in blood sugar regulation in the body.

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3
Q

Who invented the spectrophotometer

A

Arnold O. Beckman

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4
Q

pigments

A

substances that absorb visible light

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5
Q

spectrophotometer

A

an instrument that is able to quantify the color of solutions

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6
Q

Beer-Lambert Law

A

A=ECL

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7
Q

E in Beer Lambert Law

A

Extinction co-efficient

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8
Q

What range of wavelengths can humans see

A

400nm (blue/violeet) to 700 (red)

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9
Q

What does it mean if we see something as green

A

it is reflecting more green wavelengths (510nm) more so than others.

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10
Q

absorbance spectrum

A

the curve that results from plotting the absorbance of a solution vs the wavelength of light passing through a colored solution

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11
Q

lambda max

A

the wavelength that results in the greatest absorbance

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12
Q

linear regression analysis

A

a statistical technique that allows one to examine the relationship between two variables. Useful for examining causal relationships between two variables

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13
Q

r value/ correlation coefficient

A

indicates the degree to which X and Y vary together and always varies between -1 and +1.

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14
Q

saturated

A

cannot turn more purple

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15
Q

concentration factor

A

if you diluted 1ml of serum in a total volume of 10ml you have made a 1/10 dilution or a solution that was .1X
v1/v2

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16
Q

dilution factor

A

reciprocal of the concentration factor and is 10/1

v2/v1

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17
Q

promoters

A

regions of DNA, generally located upstream of a gene that controls whether or not a gene is transcribed

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18
Q

plasmid

A
  • small circular pieces of DNA in bacteria that contain genes which are regions of DNA that are transcribed into mRNA that can be translated into a protein
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19
Q

origin of replication

A

first base pair is arbitrarily assigned to ori because they are circular

20
Q

restriction enzymes (or restriction endocnucleases)

A

bacterial enzymes that act as defense mechanisms in bacteria. they cleave double stranded DNA internally, cutting both strands at regions of specific nucleotide sequences that vary from enzyme to enzyme

21
Q

target site/recognition site

A

the sequence cut by a restriction enzyme

22
Q

How does a bacterium protect its own DNA against digestion

A

by chemically modifying its DNA soon after replication by adding methyl groups to bases within the target site of the endonuclease

23
Q

recombinant DNA

A

combining fragments of DNA from one source with fragments of DNA from another source.

24
Q

gel electrophoresis

A

most widely used method for separating macromolecules from one another based on size

25
Q

How does gel electrophoresis work

A

charged macromolecules (negatively charged DNA in this case) migrate through a gell when an electrical field is applied across that gell. The distance migrated by a dan molecule during the time it is subjected to the field is determined by three factors: 1) the size(length_ of the molecules 2) the electrical field and 3) the density of the gene matrix. The larger molecules will have more difficulty working its way through the gell than smaller ones, so they won’t get as close to the positive pole.

26
Q

sybr-green

A

a dye which binds to DNA and fluoresces when exposed to short wavelength light

27
Q

orange G

A

a colored dye that allows you to view the progression of your sample in real time as it migrates down the gel

28
Q

glycerol

A

a solution with a high enough density to allow your DNA sample to sink to the bottom of the well while you are loading your samples into the gel

29
Q

transformation

A

the process by which a bacterial cell takes up a molecule of DNA from the environment and incorporates at least some of its information into its own heredity

30
Q

expression vectorsq

A

plasmids that are designed to allow for expression of specific genes in an organism

31
Q

promoters

A

regions of DNA that allow transcription by recruiting RNA polymerase to specific area of DNA so that the gene of interest can be transcribed into mRNA

32
Q

constitutive promoters

A

always expressed in the cell

33
Q

regulated promoters

A

regulated by environment

34
Q

why is pGLO only expressed in the presence of arabinose

A

because it would be a waste of energy to transcribe some genes that aren’t always needed in the cell. The gene for arabinose is only necessary when arabinose is around because ecoli usually prefer glucose, so when there is an abundance of arabinose, it is worth the extra trouble to transcribe and translate the gene products involved in arabinose metabolism. the expression of GPF in a bacterial cell is controlled by the promoter called Para and it controls the expression of genes involved in arabinose, and pGLO expression vector is found downstream from the Para promoter

35
Q

What do we grow the coli in?

A

1) LB 2) LB and ampicillin 3)LB ampicillin and arabinose

36
Q

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

A

an important technique that allows for quick and efficient isolation of a specific gene

37
Q

DNA polymerase

A

enzyme that catalyzes the polymerization reaction of DNA replication

38
Q

helicase

A

protein needed in PCR IN VIVO to separate the two hydrogen bonded strands of DNA. This allows each strand to be used as a template for the DNA polymerase to mae a complementary strand

39
Q

Properties of DNA polymerase

A

cannot initiate new strand, can only extend a primer
DNA polymerase extends the primer strand by adding additional nucleotides to its 3’ end so that the new strand grow in the 5’–3’ direction

40
Q

primer

A

short piece of RNA primer that is later replaced by DNA

41
Q

why do we heat th DNA

A

because helicase and other proteins aren’t used to break up the hydrogen bonds of the DNA strands, so heating it breaks them apart.

42
Q

Are the primers the same in Vivo and in Vitro?

A

no, the experimenter synthesizes primer strands that are made of DNA and thus do not need to be replaced later like they do in vivo. The two primers are different, one primer is complementary to one strand of the template at one end of the gene and the second is complementary to the other strand at the other end of the gene.

43
Q

What needs to be added for PCR to occur

A

many copies of the two DNA primers, multiple copies of the template or target dan, a mister of the four dan nucleotides and a special heat resistant DNA polymerase (Taq polymerase in this lab)

44
Q

Three steps of PCR reaction

A

heating, annealing (primer binding), replication (or primer extension).

45
Q

polymorphic genes

A

two ore more alleles of that locus

46
Q

VNTR

A

variable number of tandem repeats are composed of repeated copies of a DNA sequence that lie next to one another on the chromosome.

biology lab (2 decks)

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