Final

Question 1

2 principle modes of animal reproduction:

Answer 1

Sexual and asexual

Question 2

Asexual

Answer 2

1 parent
Usually mitosis
No fusion of gametes
2n➡️2n
Genome of parents & offspring identical

Question 3

Sexual

Answer 3

2 parents 
usually meiosis
Fertilization
2n➡️1n➡️2n
Genome of parents & offspring different

Question 4

Types of asexual reproduction

Answer 4

Fission
Budding
Fragmentation
Parthenogenesis

Question 5

Fission

Answer 5

🌳separate into 2 or more indi of equal size.

🌳Common among bacteria and protists

Question 6

Fragmentation

Answer 6

🌳parent breaks into smaller pieces followed by regeneration
🌳synonym= architomy
🌳tapeworms, sponges, Cnidaria, polychaetes, tunicates

Question 7

Budding

Answer 7

🌳small India splits from parents
🌳Common in colonial animals
🌳often wlout separation
🌳paratomy=transverse or linear budding
🌳Annelids and platyhelminthes

Question 8

Parenthogenesis

Answer 8

🌳egg deve wlout fertilization
🌳highly variable and widespread condition
🌳2 basic mechanisms
🔥Haploid egg develops into haploid adult
🔥Chromosome number doubles to create diploid zygotes
🌳gamete formation also variable (meiosis or mitosis)

Question 9

Advantages of asexual reproduction

Answer 9

🌳reproduction w/o mates (energy and risk reduction)
🌳rapid rates of pop increase
🌳rapid colony growth
🌳Perpetuation of successful genotypes

Question 10

Sexual reproduction

Answer 10

🌳The formation of a new individuals following the union of 2 gametes
🌳char by 2 processes
🔥gamete formation: meiosis (2n➡️1n)
🔥fertilization-fusion of 2 gametes (syngamy): 1n➡️2n
🔥🔥ova- usually large and nonmotile
🔥🔥sperm- usually small and motile

Question 11

Reproductive Cycle and Petterns

Answer 11

• cycles tend to be seasonal and attuned to specific environmental cues
• great variety in life history
  
  • > hermaphroditism: m and f in the same body
• common in sessile, burrowing, and parasitic animals
• widely dispersed in animals
• adv: doubles reproductive chances/output
• disadv: energetically costly

Question 12

Population

Answer 12

a group of indi of a single species that simultaneously occupy the same general area
unit of natural selection

Question 13

2 important char of population

Answer 13

density

dispersion

Question 14

density

Answer 14

number of indi per unit area
rarely can density be counted directly
not a static property (migration)

Question 15

dispersion (3 types)

Answer 15

pattern of spacing among indi
Clumped
Uniform
Random

Question 16

Clumped

Answer 16

most common
aggregation into patches
heterogeneous (patchy) distribution of key env factor
—organisms dwelling in decaying logs (humidity)
—tide pool organisms (reduced competition, food)
mating aggregations
social aggregations (herds, schools, packs)

Question 17

Uniform

Answer 17

Even spacing
direct interactions among indi
—germination-inhibiting compounds
—antagonistic social interactions

Question 18

Random

Answer 18

unpredictable spacing
least common
position of an indi is indep of other indi
absence of strong attractions or resulsions

Question 19

Demography

Answer 19

study of the vital statistics that affect the pop size by
birth rate
death rate 
generation time
sex ratio
summarized with life tables

Question 20

Survivorship Curves

Answer 20

plot of the proportion or numbers of a cohort still alive at each age
log scale at Y
variables tend to fall into one of 3 patterns

Question 21

3 patterns of SC

Answer 21

type I: low infant thru midlife midlife mortality
type II: constant death rate over the lifespan
type III: high juvenile mortality rates

Question 22

demographic studies often ignore males

Answer 22

in sexually reproducing species, only f produce offspring

Question 23

NS favors traits that

Answer 23

+ survivorship

+ reproductive success

Question 24

life history

Answer 24

the traits that affect an organism’s schedule of reproduction and death

Question 25

Hypothetical ideal fitness maximizes 3 variables

Answer 25

reproduce at early age
high fecundity
multiple reproductive bouts

Question 26

Reproductive fitness

Answer 26

not measured by offspring survival

measured by # of offspring that survive to reproduce

Question 27

Hypothetical ideal fitness maximizes 3 variables

Answer 27

reproduce at early age
high fecundity
multiple reproductive bouts

Question 28

life history patterns: 2 extremes

Answer 28

semalparity- life history with a single repro bout

iteroparity- life history with multiple repro bouts