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Pharmacology final > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

Name the body’s defenses

A 
Barrier defense 
cellular defenses 
inflammatory  response 
immune response 
NOTE: EACH OF THESE DEFENSE PLAY A MAJOR ROLE IN MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS AND PREVENTING DISEASE
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2
Q

name the barrier defenses

A

skin
mucous membrane
gastric acid
major histocompatibility complex

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3
Q

name the 2 types of white blood cell

A

lymphocytic and myelocytic

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4
Q

name the myelocytic cells

A

neutrophils
esinophils
basophils
monocytes/ macrophages

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5
Q

name the lymphocytic cells

A

natural killer cells
b cells
t cells

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6
Q

Inflammation response - Clinical presentation

A 
Calor (heat)
- increased blood flow 
Tumor (swelling)
-caused by fluid that leaks into the tissue
Rubor (redness)
-caused by the increase in blood flow due to vasodilation 
Dolor (pain)
-caused by the activation of pain fibers
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7
Q

Action of interferons

A

prevent viral replication and suppress malignant cell replication and tumor growth
= naturally released from the human cells in response to viral invasion, inhibits the growth of tumor, prevents these cells from multiplying and modulates the host immune response

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8
Q

function of interleukins

A

chemicals secreted by active leukocytes to influence more leukocytes

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9
Q

function of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

A

chemical released by macrophages, inhibits tumor growth and can cause tumor regression

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10
Q

what are the classic signs of local inflammation

A

swelling, heat, redness, pain, loss of function

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11
Q

what is the function of thromboxin

A

causes vasoconstriction and increase platelet aggregation

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12
Q

what are the 4 abnormal conditions can weaken the immune system and stimulate the immune response

A

neoplasm
viral invasion
autoimmune disease
transplant rejection

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13
Q

what is the function of cytokines

A

serve to enhance and accelerate the inflammation and specific response that will destroy the invading antigen.

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14
Q

name the 2 immune stimulants

A

interferons

interleukin

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15
Q

what are the flu- like symptoms

A

lethargy, myalgia, arthralgia, anorexia, nausea

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16
Q

Contraindication of interferon

A

cardiac disease
myelosuppression
CNS dysfunction

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17
Q

what are the adverse effect associated with interferon

A

flu-like symptoms

A headache, dizziness, bone marrow depression, depression and suicidal ideation, photosensitivity, and liver impairment

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18
Q

Action of interleukin

A

Which are chemicals produced by T cells to communicate between leukocytes
Activates human cellular immunity and inhibit tumor growth through increase in lymphocytes, platelets and cytokines

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19
Q

adverse effects of interleukin

A 
flu- like symptoms
Respiratory difficulty
CNS changes (seizures) 
Cardiac arrhythmias
Chest tightness, swelling
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20
Q

action of Colony- Stimulating factor

A

Are used to stimulate the bone marrow to produce more white blood cells in the situation where the levels of these cells are very low and the patient is at risk for infection
Can be used to reduce
- Incidence of infection in pt with bone marrow suppression
-To decrease the neutropenia associated with bone marrow transplant and chemotherapy
-To help in the treatment of various blood-related cancers

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21
Q

filgrastim

A

Colony stimulating factor

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22
Q

Aldesleukin and Oprelvekin

A

Interleukin

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23
Q

Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)

A

Salicylates

24
Q

Ibuprofen (Advil)

A

NSAIDs

25
Q

Auranofin

A

Gold Compounds (inhibits phagocytosis)

26
Q

Anakinra, eTanercept, leflunomide

A

DMARDs (alters inflammation process)

27
Q

NAME THE TYPES OF IMMUNE SUPPRESSANTS

A

T and B cell suppressors
interleukin receptor antagonists
monoclonal antibodies

28
Q

action of T and B cell suppression (cyclosporine)

A

suppress or stimulate the immune function

-immunosuppressant that is produced as a metabolite

29
Q

adverse effect of cyclosporine

A 
hepatoxicity
nephrotoxicity 
tremor
hirsutism
hypertension
gum hyperplasia
30
Q

Action of interleukin receptor antagonist and adverse effects

A

blocks activity of interleukin-1

- headache, sinusitis, nausea, diarrhea

31
Q

action of Monoclonal Antibodies and adverse effects

A

antibodies that attach to specific receptor sites

-pulmonary edema, fluid retention, flu-like symptoms

32
Q

Action and example of Sulfonamides

A

treatment of uncomplicated UTI and systemic infections
interferes with the synthesis of folic acid
taken orally
example: cotrimoxazole

33
Q

Action and example of tetracyclines

A

broad-spectrum antibiotics that affect both gram-negative and gram-positive
taken orally
inhibits the protein synthesis in susceptible bacteria, preventing cell replication and retarding the growth of bacteria, but it does not kill them
example: tetracycline

34
Q

Action and example of Mycobacteria infection (leprostatic drugs)

A

disrupts the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall

example: isoniazide

35
Q

Action and example of Lincosamides

A

aerobic gram- positive cocci and several anaerobic gram- negative and gram-positive organisms
enter the bacterial cell and bind to bacteria, ribosomes, suppressing protein synthesis
example: clindamycin

36
Q

Action and example of Aminoglycosides

A

inhibits protein synthesis in susceptible strains of gram-negative bacteria causing cell death

  • bactericidal
    example: gentamicin
37
Q

Action and example of Penicillins

A

narrow spectrum
inhibits the third and final stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis
infections caused by susceptible gram-positive bacteria
example penicillin G, Amoxicillin

38
Q

Action and example of Carbapenems

A

inhibits cell membrane synthesis leading to cell death
bactericidal
drug can inactivate seizure medication
example: ertapenem

39
Q

Action and example of cehalosporins

A

activity against gram-negative bacteria
ability to distribute into cerebrospinal fluid
resistance to beta-lactamases
- binds with PBPs, which disrupts bacterial cell wall synthesis
example: cefazoline

40
Q

Action and example of fluoroquinolones

A

treating infection caused by susceptible strains of gram-negative bacteria. including urinary tract, respiratory tract, skin

  • interferes with DNA replication
    example: Ciprofloxacin
41
Q

Action and example of Vancomycin

A
  • complex and unusual tricyclic glycopeptide antibiotic
  • inhibits cell wall synthesis by altering the cell’s permeability
    example: vancomycin
42
Q

Action and example of Macrolide Antibiotics

A

molecules made up of large-ring lactones
bacteriostatic or bactericidal
-binds to cell membrane and changes protein function
example: erythromycin

43
Q

name the penicillinase- resistant antibiotics

A

nafcillin

oxacillin

44
Q

what are the adverse effects of gentamycin

A

ototoxicity
nephrotoxicity
neurotoxicity
neuromuscular blockage

45
Q

what are the adverse effects of penicillin

A 
GI upset
superinfection
yeast infection
rash
fever
wheezing 
possibly anaphylaxis and death
46
Q

What is the function of thyroid hormone?

A

regulate the rate of metabolism
affect the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
affect heat production and body temperature
affect oxygen concumption, cardiac output, and blood volume
affect enzyme system activity
affect metabolism of carbohydrates, fat and proteins
regulate growth and development

47
Q

What is the action of thyroid drugs?

A

increase: metabolic rate of body tissues, oxygen consumption, respiratory rate, heart rate, the rate of fat, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism, and growth and maturation.

48
Q

name the replacement hormones used to treat hypothyroidism

A

levothyroxine
thyroid desiccated
liothyronine
liotrix

49
Q

what are the adverse affects of levothyroxine? (Hypothyroidism treatment)

A 
hypertension
tachycardia
arrhythmias
anxiety
headache
nervousness
GI irritation
sweating and heat intolerance
50
Q

name the drugs used to treat hyperthyroidism (antithyroid)

A

Methimazole (thioamides)

iodine

51
Q

what are the adverse effects of Methimazole

A

hives, rash, itching, fever, arthralgia, joint swelling, drowsiness, nausea and vomiting, altered taste sensation

52
Q

how does thioamides and Iodine work

A

Thioamides prevent the formation of thyroid hormone within the thyroid cells, lowering the serum level of thyroid hormone (prevent the synthesis of thyroid hormone

Iodine causes cells to become oversaturated with Iodine
and stop producing thyroid hormone

53
Q

what are the target organs of PTH?

A

bone
kidney
GI tract

54
Q

name the signs and symptoms associated with paget’s disease

A 
bone pain and deformity
headaches
hearing loss
fractures
spinal cord compression
cranial and spinal cord entrapment
55
Q

what is the function of Vitamin D

A

regulates the absorption of calcium and phosphate

56
Q

What is the antihypocalcemic drug? and adverse effects

A

Calcitriol (Vitamin D)

-weakness, headache, nausea, and vomiting, dry mouth, constipation, bone pain

57
Q

what are the antihypocalcemic drugs? and adverse effects

A 
Bisphosphonates and calcitonins 
Bisphosphonates 
- a headache, nausea, and diarrhea
Calcitonins 
-GI disturbances, skin rash, flushing of the face and hands, and nasal irritation or rhinitis

Pharmacology final (1 decks)

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