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HLTH 2004 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What are some bacterial infections of the reproductive tract?

A

Gonorrhea
Syphilis
Chlamydia

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2
Q

What are some viral infections of the reproductive tract?

A

HIV
Human papilloma virus
Genital herpes

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3
Q

How prevalent are STIs?

A

Approximately 1/3 of people in the USA are living with an STI
Largely due to the trend of people becoming sexually actively earlier and marrying later
Higher number of sexual partners in a lifetime

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4
Q

Why are we so susceptible to STIs?

A

Direct contact between bodily fluids
Urinary and reproductive tracts have large surface exposed to the external environment
Most areas are lined with mucous membranes
We don’t often protect ourself

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5
Q

Describe gonorrhoea

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- peritrichous fimbriae
Symptoms:
- female: vaginal discharge, painful Burning while peeing, painful sex, bleeding between periods
- male: white, yellow, or green discharge from the penis, painful burning during urnation, swelling of testicles

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6
Q

What are some issues with gonorrhea?

A

Increased risk for other infections such as HIV or chlamydia
Prolonged infection can lead to epidymitis which can cause infertility
Can pass to child during birth
Can disseminate and cause skin lesions
No vaccine

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7
Q

Describe syphilis

A

Treponema pallidum: gram negative spirochete

Incubation time of 10-90 days

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8
Q

What are the symptoms of syphilis?

A

Symptoms:
Primary: small red chancres, will disappear may leave scars on skin
Secondary: 2-10 weeks after primary stage - rash on skin, throat, cervix, elsewhere, swollen lymphnodes, sore throat, fever
Tertiary: gummas (type of ganuloma, an accumulation of immune cells) in vital organs

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9
Q

Describe chlamydia

A 
Chlamydia trachomatis
Generally asymptomatic 
Can transmit from mother to infant
Severe problems if untreated 
Men: epididymitis, urethritis (UTI)
Female: pelvic inflammation disease (PID), or cervicitis
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10
Q

Describe the nucleic acid amplification test

A
  1. Obtain human sample for testing
  2. Lyse bacterial cells to access ribosomal RNA
  3. Wash lysate over beads coated with DNA that will hybridize to rRNA of interest
  4. Pull down beads isolating rRNA of interest
  5. Made double-stranded DNA copy of rRNA
  6. Transcription mediated amplification of dsDNA into millions of RNA molecules
  7. Hybridize RNA molecules with fluorescent DNA probe. Quantify fluorescence
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11
Q

Describe hiv and aids

A 
HIV: Lentivirus (retrovirus)
- causative agent of AIDS
AIDS: complex signs and symptoms
- results in many opportunistic infections due to compromised immune system 
- may be pandemic and no cure
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12
Q

What does AZT do?

A

Inhibits reeves transcriptase and prevents viral replication

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13
Q

Describe hepatitis B

A

dsDNA-RT (group 7)
Hepadnaviridae
Sexually transmitted, sharing of needles, from infected mother during birth or breastfeeding
Can be prevented by vaccine

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14
Q

Describe hepatitis C

A

Flaviviridae +ssRNA (group 4)
Mostly transmitted by blood to blood contact
May be sexually transmitted
Can be acute or chronic
Serious disease can result in long-term health problems, including death
RNA can be detected in the blood within 1 to 3 weeks of exposure

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15
Q

Describe genital herpes

A

Highly contagious and common in the US
Caused by herpes simplex primarily HSV-2 but also HSV-1
Varying symptoms
Antiviral medications shorten infection and may prevent an outbreak during the time the medication is take
May also cause fever blisters at mouth and lips

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16
Q

Describe human papilloma virus

A 
Infects skin and mucous membranes
More than 60 serotypes 
Many infected people don't develop symptoms 
Some develop genital warts
No treatment 
4 vaccines for prevention
Warts can be treated
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17
Q

Describe cervical cancer

A

Virtually all cases of cervical cancer are caused by HPV and just two HPV types, 16 and 18, are responsible for about 70% of all cases

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18
Q

Describe anal cancer

A

About 95% of anal cancers are caused by HPV

Most are caused by type 16

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19
Q

Describe oripharyngeal cancers

A

Cancers of the middle part of the throat, including the soft palate, the base of the tongue, and the tonsils
About 70% are caused by HPV
Half linked to HPV

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20
Q

What other cancers are caused by HPV?

A

65% of vaginal cancers
35% penile cancers
Most caused by type 16

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21
Q

Describe trichomoniasis

A

Affects both men and women
Most precedent in young sexually active women
Trichomonas vaginalis
Treatment: metronidazole and tinidazole

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22
Q

What are inactivated vaccines?

A

Whole microoganism destroyed by heat, chemicals, radiation or antibiotics
Influenza, cholera, bubonic plague, polio

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23
Q

Describe attenuated viruses

A

Live microorganisms modified to be less deadly or closely related microorganisms that induce immunity
Yellow fever, measles, rubella, mumps, TB

24
Q

What are subunit vaccines?

A

A protein component of the microorganisms eg. Surface proteins or synthetic virus like particles lacking viral genetic material
Hepatitis B, HPV

25
What is a conjugate vaccine?
Polysaccharides in bacterial outer coats that poorly stimulate the immune system (poor immunogen) paired with a protein that is highly immunogenic (an adjuvan
26
Describe heterotypic/jennerian vaccines
Pathogens that infect other animals but do not cause disease or cause mild disease in human like cowpox TB
27
Describe toxoid vaccines
Inactivated toxic compound | Tetanus, dioyheria, snake bites
28
What is herd immunity?
Most of the population gets immunized preventing the spread of contagious disease
29
What are Canada's rules about mandatory vaccines?
Mandatory choices in Ontario, New Brunswick, and Manitoba: allows for medical, philosophical, and religious exemptions Certain provinces can exclude children from school in the event of an outbreak
30
What factors influence vaccine hesitancy?
``` Access Complacency Trust Contextual factors Demographic factors Groups and individual Specific vaccine issues ```
31
Name some vaccine controversies
Additives in vaccines are unsafe The measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine causes autism High profile celebrities are against vaccines Vaccines can cause the development of disease Natural immunity to illness is healthier than artificial immunity Children receive too many vaccines as at one time and the vaccines can overwhelm the immune system
32
What are some side effects of vaccines?
``` Pain, swelling, and redness at site Mild fever Shivering Fatigue Headache Muscle and joint pain ```
33
What are some risks associated with vaccines?
``` Redness and swelling Fainting (believed to be due to the process not vaccine) Guillain-Barré syndrome Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) Anaphylaxis Mild gastrointestinal events (flu shot) Febril seuzures Encephalitis Pneumonia, meningitis, and hepatitis Transient arthralgia ```
34
What is Guillain-Barré syndrome?
Rare disorder where immune system damages nerve cells, causing muscle weakness and sometime paralysis Often follows infection with virus or bacteria Some have permanent nerve damage
35
What is ITP?
A disorder that can lead to easy or excessive bruising and bleeding Bleeding results from unusually low levels of platelets
36
What vaccines are anaphylaxis associated with?
Hepatitis B in yeast sensitive individuals MMR vaccine Meningococcal vaccine Varicella vaccine in immunocompromised children
37
What vaccines are febrile seizures (caused by fever) associated with?
MMR and MMRV vaccines IIV (inactivated influenza vaccine) given with PCV13 (pneumococcal 13-valent conjugate) or DTaP (diphtheria tetanus acellular pertussis vaccine) PCV 13
38
What is encephalitis and what vaccines is it associated with?
Inflammation of the brain normally caused by viruses MMR vaccine in immunocompromised kids Varicella vaccine in immunocompromised kids
39
What vaccines are pneumonia, meningitis and hepatitis associated with?
Varicella in immunocompromised kids
40
What is transient arthralgia and what vaccines is it associated with?
Pain in joint | MMR vaccine
41
Describe death associated with vaccinations
Coincidental and not causally related to vaccination | Death rate 1 or 2 months following vaccination was lower than that in the general US population
42
What are the habitats for microflora in the oral cavity?
Lips, tongue, palate Tongue: obligate anaerobes Teeth: non shedding surface enabling large masses of microbes to accumulate Gingival crevice: heathy = aerobic, diseases = anaerobic
43
Describe the properties of gram positive organisms in the oral cavity
Bulk of oral bacteria Rods, cocci, or irregular shape Oxygen tolerance varies from aerobes to strict anaerobes Most are fermentative Cell wall has this peptidoglycan layer Ex. Strep mutans (caries and bacterial endocarditis)
44
Describe the properties of gram negative organisms in the oral cavity
Found mostly in established/subgingival plaque Strict or facultative anaerobes Some fermentive, others produce enzymes which break down tissue Cell wall has thin peptidoglycan layer Has B-lactamase, LPS/endotoxin
45
Compare supragingival and sungingival
``` Supra: - mainly gram + - facultative - ferment carb - caries, gingivitis Sub: - mainly gram - - mainly anaerobic - proteolytic forms - gingivitis, periodontitis ```
46
What is osteomyelitis?
An inflammatory process involving bone, associated with a bacterial infection Beings in mediate cavity and can lead to vascular collapse and bone necrosis
47
Describe bacterial endocarditis
A rare condition with significant morbidity and mortality May arise following bacteraemia in a patient with a predisposing cardiac lesion Occurs with a valve issue
48
What are dental caries?
Bacterial disease of the calcified tissue: demineralization of the inorganic and destruction of the organic substance of the tooth
49
What were the three hypothesis about dental carries?
Specific plaque hypothesis: one bacterial was causing caries Non specific plaque hypothesis: combination of bacteria/ amount of bacteria Ecological plaque hypothesis: shift in the ecology/flora of your mouth leads to the cavity
50
How does saliva help prevent cavities?
Washing action of saliva Neutralizing action against acid Helps with mineralization
51
How does plaque inhance cavities?
Contains S. Mutans which start cavity Lactobacillus become opportunistic Actinomyces come in if not cleaned out and can lead to severe complications
52
What are periodontal diseases?
Diseases targeting the supporting tissues of the dentition Ecology of dental crevice is different from other sites in the oral cavity More anaerobic Bathed in gingival crevicular fluid
53
How does periodontal disease progress?
Species enter free gingival margin and form biofilm
54
Describe how decreased ph increases periodontal disease
Alters gene expression Alters the competitiveness of periodontal pathogens Disturbing the natural balance of subgingival microflora Growth of proteolytic gram - organisms
55
Describe how the ecology of the gingival crevice changes when healthy versus when with gingivitis and periodontitis
Healthy: mostly gram + facultative rods and cocci Gingivitis: more gram - Periodontitis: mostly gram - anaerobic rods

HLTH 2004 (3 decks)

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