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HLTH 2004 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What are some bacterial infections of the reproductive tract?

A

Gonorrhea
Syphilis
Chlamydia

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2
Q

What are some viral infections of the reproductive tract?

A

HIV
Human papilloma virus
Genital herpes

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3
Q

How prevalent are STIs?

A

Approximately 1/3 of people in the USA are living with an STI
Largely due to the trend of people becoming sexually actively earlier and marrying later
Higher number of sexual partners in a lifetime

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4
Q

Why are we so susceptible to STIs?

A

Direct contact between bodily fluids
Urinary and reproductive tracts have large surface exposed to the external environment
Most areas are lined with mucous membranes
We don’t often protect ourself

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5
Q

Describe gonorrhoea

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- peritrichous fimbriae
Symptoms:
- female: vaginal discharge, painful Burning while peeing, painful sex, bleeding between periods
- male: white, yellow, or green discharge from the penis, painful burning during urnation, swelling of testicles

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6
Q

What are some issues with gonorrhea?

A

Increased risk for other infections such as HIV or chlamydia
Prolonged infection can lead to epidymitis which can cause infertility
Can pass to child during birth
Can disseminate and cause skin lesions
No vaccine

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7
Q

Describe syphilis

A

Treponema pallidum: gram negative spirochete

Incubation time of 10-90 days

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8
Q

What are the symptoms of syphilis?

A

Symptoms:
Primary: small red chancres, will disappear may leave scars on skin
Secondary: 2-10 weeks after primary stage - rash on skin, throat, cervix, elsewhere, swollen lymphnodes, sore throat, fever
Tertiary: gummas (type of ganuloma, an accumulation of immune cells) in vital organs

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9
Q

Describe chlamydia

A 
Chlamydia trachomatis
Generally asymptomatic 
Can transmit from mother to infant
Severe problems if untreated 
Men: epididymitis, urethritis (UTI)
Female: pelvic inflammation disease (PID), or cervicitis
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10
Q

Describe the nucleic acid amplification test

A
  1. Obtain human sample for testing
  2. Lyse bacterial cells to access ribosomal RNA
  3. Wash lysate over beads coated with DNA that will hybridize to rRNA of interest
  4. Pull down beads isolating rRNA of interest
  5. Made double-stranded DNA copy of rRNA
  6. Transcription mediated amplification of dsDNA into millions of RNA molecules
  7. Hybridize RNA molecules with fluorescent DNA probe. Quantify fluorescence
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11
Q

Describe hiv and aids

A 
HIV: Lentivirus (retrovirus)
- causative agent of AIDS
AIDS: complex signs and symptoms
- results in many opportunistic infections due to compromised immune system 
- may be pandemic and no cure
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12
Q

What does AZT do?

A

Inhibits reeves transcriptase and prevents viral replication

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13
Q

Describe hepatitis B

A

dsDNA-RT (group 7)
Hepadnaviridae
Sexually transmitted, sharing of needles, from infected mother during birth or breastfeeding
Can be prevented by vaccine

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14
Q

Describe hepatitis C

A

Flaviviridae +ssRNA (group 4)
Mostly transmitted by blood to blood contact
May be sexually transmitted
Can be acute or chronic
Serious disease can result in long-term health problems, including death
RNA can be detected in the blood within 1 to 3 weeks of exposure

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15
Q

Describe genital herpes

A

Highly contagious and common in the US
Caused by herpes simplex primarily HSV-2 but also HSV-1
Varying symptoms
Antiviral medications shorten infection and may prevent an outbreak during the time the medication is take
May also cause fever blisters at mouth and lips

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16
Q

Describe human papilloma virus

A 
Infects skin and mucous membranes
More than 60 serotypes 
Many infected people don't develop symptoms 
Some develop genital warts
No treatment 
4 vaccines for prevention
Warts can be treated
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17
Q

Describe cervical cancer

A

Virtually all cases of cervical cancer are caused by HPV and just two HPV types, 16 and 18, are responsible for about 70% of all cases

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18
Q

Describe anal cancer

A

About 95% of anal cancers are caused by HPV

Most are caused by type 16

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19
Q

Describe oripharyngeal cancers

A

Cancers of the middle part of the throat, including the soft palate, the base of the tongue, and the tonsils
About 70% are caused by HPV
Half linked to HPV

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20
Q

What other cancers are caused by HPV?

A

65% of vaginal cancers
35% penile cancers
Most caused by type 16

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21
Q

Describe trichomoniasis

A

Affects both men and women
Most precedent in young sexually active women
Trichomonas vaginalis
Treatment: metronidazole and tinidazole

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22
Q

What are inactivated vaccines?

A

Whole microoganism destroyed by heat, chemicals, radiation or antibiotics
Influenza, cholera, bubonic plague, polio

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23
Q

Describe attenuated viruses

A

Live microorganisms modified to be less deadly or closely related microorganisms that induce immunity
Yellow fever, measles, rubella, mumps, TB

24
Q

What are subunit vaccines?

A

A protein component of the microorganisms eg. Surface proteins or synthetic virus like particles lacking viral genetic material
Hepatitis B, HPV

25
Q

What is a conjugate vaccine?

A

Polysaccharides in bacterial outer coats that poorly stimulate the immune system (poor immunogen) paired with a protein that is highly immunogenic (an adjuvan

26
Q

Describe heterotypic/jennerian vaccines

A

Pathogens that infect other animals but do not cause disease or cause mild disease in human like cowpox
TB

27
Q

Describe toxoid vaccines

A

Inactivated toxic compound

Tetanus, dioyheria, snake bites

28
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

Most of the population gets immunized preventing the spread of contagious disease

29
Q

What are Canada’s rules about mandatory vaccines?

A

Mandatory choices in Ontario, New Brunswick, and Manitoba: allows for medical, philosophical, and religious exemptions
Certain provinces can exclude children from school in the event of an outbreak

30
Q

What factors influence vaccine hesitancy?

A 
Access
Complacency
Trust
Contextual factors
Demographic factors
Groups and individual
Specific vaccine issues
31
Q

Name some vaccine controversies

A

Additives in vaccines are unsafe
The measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine causes autism
High profile celebrities are against vaccines
Vaccines can cause the development of disease
Natural immunity to illness is healthier than artificial immunity
Children receive too many vaccines as at one time and the vaccines can overwhelm the immune system

32
Q

What are some side effects of vaccines?

A 
Pain, swelling, and redness at site 
Mild fever
Shivering
Fatigue
Headache
Muscle and joint pain
33
Q

What are some risks associated with vaccines?

A 
Redness and swelling
Fainting (believed to be due to the process not vaccine)
Guillain-Barré syndrome 
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
Anaphylaxis 
Mild gastrointestinal events (flu shot)
Febril seuzures
Encephalitis 
Pneumonia, meningitis, and hepatitis
Transient arthralgia
34
Q

What is Guillain-Barré syndrome?

A

Rare disorder where immune system damages nerve cells, causing muscle weakness and sometime paralysis
Often follows infection with virus or bacteria
Some have permanent nerve damage

35
Q

What is ITP?

A

A disorder that can lead to easy or excessive bruising and bleeding
Bleeding results from unusually low levels of platelets

36
Q

What vaccines are anaphylaxis associated with?

A

Hepatitis B in yeast sensitive individuals
MMR vaccine
Meningococcal vaccine
Varicella vaccine in immunocompromised children

37
Q

What vaccines are febrile seizures (caused by fever) associated with?

A

MMR and MMRV vaccines
IIV (inactivated influenza vaccine) given with PCV13 (pneumococcal 13-valent conjugate) or DTaP (diphtheria tetanus acellular pertussis vaccine)
PCV 13

38
Q

What is encephalitis and what vaccines is it associated with?

A

Inflammation of the brain normally caused by viruses
MMR vaccine in immunocompromised kids
Varicella vaccine in immunocompromised kids

39
Q

What vaccines are pneumonia, meningitis and hepatitis associated with?

A

Varicella in immunocompromised kids

40
Q

What is transient arthralgia and what vaccines is it associated with?

A

Pain in joint

MMR vaccine

41
Q

Describe death associated with vaccinations

A

Coincidental and not causally related to vaccination

Death rate 1 or 2 months following vaccination was lower than that in the general US population

42
Q

What are the habitats for microflora in the oral cavity?

A

Lips, tongue, palate
Tongue: obligate anaerobes
Teeth: non shedding surface enabling large masses of microbes to accumulate
Gingival crevice: heathy = aerobic, diseases = anaerobic

43
Q

Describe the properties of gram positive organisms in the oral cavity

A

Bulk of oral bacteria
Rods, cocci, or irregular shape
Oxygen tolerance varies from aerobes to strict anaerobes
Most are fermentative
Cell wall has this peptidoglycan layer
Ex. Strep mutans (caries and bacterial endocarditis)

44
Q

Describe the properties of gram negative organisms in the oral cavity

A

Found mostly in established/subgingival plaque
Strict or facultative anaerobes
Some fermentive, others produce enzymes which break down tissue
Cell wall has thin peptidoglycan layer
Has B-lactamase, LPS/endotoxin

45
Q

Compare supragingival and sungingival

A 
Supra:
- mainly gram +
- facultative
- ferment carb 
- caries, gingivitis 
Sub:
- mainly gram -
- mainly anaerobic 
- proteolytic forms
- gingivitis, periodontitis
46
Q

What is osteomyelitis?

A

An inflammatory process involving bone, associated with a bacterial infection
Beings in mediate cavity and can lead to vascular collapse and bone necrosis

47
Q

Describe bacterial endocarditis

A

A rare condition with significant morbidity and mortality
May arise following bacteraemia in a patient with a predisposing cardiac lesion
Occurs with a valve issue

48
Q

What are dental caries?

A

Bacterial disease of the calcified tissue: demineralization of the inorganic and destruction of the organic substance of the tooth

49
Q

What were the three hypothesis about dental carries?

A

Specific plaque hypothesis: one bacterial was causing caries
Non specific plaque hypothesis: combination of bacteria/ amount of bacteria
Ecological plaque hypothesis: shift in the ecology/flora of your mouth leads to the cavity

50
Q

How does saliva help prevent cavities?

A

Washing action of saliva
Neutralizing action against acid
Helps with mineralization

51
Q

How does plaque inhance cavities?

A

Contains S. Mutans which start cavity
Lactobacillus become opportunistic
Actinomyces come in if not cleaned out and can lead to severe complications

52
Q

What are periodontal diseases?

A

Diseases targeting the supporting tissues of the dentition
Ecology of dental crevice is different from other sites in the oral cavity
More anaerobic
Bathed in gingival crevicular fluid

53
Q

How does periodontal disease progress?

A

Species enter free gingival margin and form biofilm

54
Q

Describe how decreased ph increases periodontal disease

A

Alters gene expression
Alters the competitiveness of periodontal pathogens
Disturbing the natural balance of subgingival microflora
Growth of proteolytic gram - organisms

55
Q

Describe how the ecology of the gingival crevice changes when healthy versus when with gingivitis and periodontitis

A

Healthy: mostly gram + facultative rods and cocci
Gingivitis: more gram -
Periodontitis: mostly gram - anaerobic rods

HLTH 2004 (3 decks)

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