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Invertebrates > Final... > Flashcards

Final... Flashcards

1
Q

Taxonomic Rank

A
  1. Life
  2. Domain
  3. Kingdom
  4. Phylum
  5. Class
  6. Order
  7. Family
  8. Genus
  9. Species
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2
Q

Parazoa

A

no true tissues

-Porifoera (sponges) only

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3
Q

Eumetazoa

A

true tissues

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4
Q

Radial symmetry

A

symmetrical from the top

  • diploblastic
  • cnidaria (jellyfish, corals and anemones) and ctenophora (comb jellies)
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5
Q

Bilaterial symmetry

A

Symmetrical from front.. left and right the same.

  • Generally tripoblastic
  • acoelomate (no body cavities) or psuedoceolomate (no mesoderm) or coelomate
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6
Q

Mesoderm

A

-one of the three primary germ layers in the very early embryo. ectoderm (outside layer) and endoderm (inside layer), with the mesoderm as the middle layer between them..

Forms into smooth muscle (in gut), red blood cells, skeletal muscle cells, and cardiac muscle

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7
Q

Acoelomate

A

no body cavities - gut, epidermis and various tissues, no cavity. epidermis, gut in middle.

  • flatworms
  • triplolastic
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8
Q

Pseudoceolomates

A

No mesoderm

  • ribbon worms
  • rotifers
  • round worms
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9
Q

coelomate

A

protostomes or deuterostomes..

A coelomate animal is basically a set of concentric tubes, with a gap between the gut and the outer tubes.

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10
Q

Protostomes and deuterostomes

A

Major difference is embryotic development..

Prot - embryo forms dent on one side, blastopore, which deepens to become archenteron - first phase of growth of gut..
mouth develops from blastopore, anus develops later

Deut - original dent becomes anus, while gut tunnels through to make another opening, forming the mouth.

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11
Q

coelom

A

fluid filled cavity formed within mesoderm of some animals.

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12
Q

Protostomes

A

mollusca, annelids (segmented worms), anthropoda (crustaceans, insects, spiders), platyhelminthes, nematodes (roundworms)

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13
Q

Deuterostomes

A

echinoderms (starfish, sea urchins), chordata (vertebrates)

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14
Q

Biodiversity values of invertebrates

A
  1. ecosystem services (water, air, soil quality)
  2. Food
  3. Bioindicators
  4. Pharmaceuticals
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15
Q

ecdyzoa

A

anthropods and nematods (round worms)

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16
Q

keying out phylum

A

Organize animals based on selected distinguishing characteristics
Dichotomous key – two characteristics (or group of characteristics) per decision
Tabular key – several options at once
Can be difficult to use – depend on knowing terminology, right geographic region, etc.
Results need to be confirmed by other sources

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17
Q

Characteristics for classification

A
  • morphological characteristics
  • physiological mechanisms
  • developmental stages and larval forms
  • molecular similarity
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18
Q

Distinguishing characteristics

A
  • tissue level of organization
  • radial vs bilateral symmetry
  • protostome vs deuterostome
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19
Q

Monoecious

A

2 sex cells in 1 organism

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20
Q

Dioecious

A

1 sex cell in 1 organism

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21
Q

Taxonomy important because..

A
  • organized

- shows different animal relations (how affect humans, benefits may provide)

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22
Q

Phylum porifera - structural characteristics

A
  • Sponges
  • adults are sessile and attached, mostly to rock
  • simplest multicellular organism
  • body porous with canals and chambers
  • two cell layers - pinacocytes, choanocytes and intermediate mesophyl
  • either radially symmetrical or no symmetry
  • skeleton composed of spicules and collagen fibers
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23
Q

Pinacocyte

A

flat cells found on the outermost layer of a sponge. They can expand and contract to slightly alter the size of the sponge, and can also produce collagen.

  • external cell layer
  • protective and structural role
  • together form pinacoderm
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24
Q

Choanocyte

A
  • lines internal cell wall
  • create feeding currents with flagella
  • also engulf food particles
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25
Q

Phylum Porifera reproduction

A
  • monoecious (hermaphrodyte) or dioecious (separate sexes)

- sexual and asexual

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26
Q

Phylum Porifera digestion etc

A

cells not organized into organs or tissues, digestion is intracellular and gas exchange by diffusion

-filter feeders

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27
Q

Porocyte

A
  • pore cell for water entry

- only in simple sponges (asconoid)

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28
Q

Mesophyl

A
  • gelatinous protein matrix
  • sandwiched between pinacoderm and choanocytes
  • contains skeletal material and ameboid cells
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29
Q

Archeocytes

A
  • feeding

- precursor to other cells – e.g. sclerocytes, spongocytes, collencytes

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30
Q

Spicules

A
  • skeletal structures in mesohyl

- made of silica or calcium carbonate

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31
Q

Ostium

A

pores for incoming water

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32
Q

Osculum

A

-large openings for water to exit

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33
Q

atrium or spongocoel

A

central cavity

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34
Q

Sexual reproduction in Porifera

A
  • sperm produced in mesohyl and released through osculum
  • sperm taken up by choanocytes and transported to mesohyl (internally)
  • fertilization of egg occurs within mesohyl
  • develop takes place internally or released to water column
  • simple larvae called a parenchymula released
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35
Q

Asexual reproduction in Porifera

A
  • form external buds - may or may not detach
  • freshwater and some marine sponges form gemmules (cysts)
  • internal buds with protective covering (seasonal)
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36
Q

Sub phyla classes of porifera

A

calcarea, hexactinellida, demospongiae, sclerospongiae

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37
Q

Calcarea

A
  • spicules composed of calcium carbonate
  • spicules are straight monoaxons or with three of four rays
  • asconoid, syconoid or leuconoid
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38
Q

Hexactinellida

A
  • siliceous spicules
  • spicules fuse to from glass-like lattice (glass sponges)
  • most are radially symmetrical
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39
Q

Demospongiae

A
  • 80% of sponges in this class
  • siliceous spicules, spongin or both
  • all leuconoid
  • common in BC
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40
Q

Scleospongiae

A
  • caves
  • small group
  • leuconoid
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41
Q

Ecological role of sponges

A
  • filter feeders
  • occupy substrate space
  • food for other invertebrates
  • substrate and habitat builders (reefs)
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42
Q

Impact on humans

A
  • water quality improvement
  • wash sponges
  • nursery habitats
  • medicines
  • fouling organisms on marine structures
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43
Q

Phylum Cnidaria (coelenterata) characteristics

A

Jellyfish

  • gastrovascular cavity with one opening
  • Nerve net and muscular system
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44
Q

Cnidaria reproduction

A
  • asexual or sexual reproduction
  • planula larva
  • polyp and medusa stages
  • gametes released into water column - sometimes freely, sometimes surface of mother
  • embryo develops into planktonic planula larva
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45
Q

Cnidaria polyp

A
  • sessile
  • aboral and oral end
  • tentacles for feeding
  • single or colonial
  • polymorphic - feeding, defense or reproductive polyps
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46
Q

Medusa

A
  • free swimming
  • bell shaped
  • tentacles around mouth
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47
Q

Nematocyst

A
  • barbs and filament used to pierce and entangle prey
  • some inject toxins
  • cnidocyte cell houses nematocyst
  • triggered by physical and chemical stimuli
  • cnidocil - a trigger present in all but Anthozoa
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48
Q

Tentacles

A

retract and transport prey to mouth

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49
Q

Gastrovascular cavity

A
  • initial digestion occurs in gastrovascular cavity

- digestion completed intracellularly

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50
Q

Cnidaria locomotion

A
  • some polyps have limited movement

- medusa swim by jet propulsion

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51
Q

Classes of Cnidaria

A

Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, Anthozoa

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52
Q

Hydrozoa

A
  • most polyps colonial, some single
  • most with both polyp and medusa stages
  • polyp asexual, medusa sexual
  • planula larva
  • larva settles to produce polyp
  • frontal shelf
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53
Q

Scyphozoa

A
  • polyp called scyphistoma, which replicate through budding and then transform into strobila polyp
  • strobila into medusa
  • zygote on oral arm
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54
Q

Cubozoa

A

Box jellies

  • medusa mostly
  • box shaped
  • capture fish
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55
Q

Anthozoa

A
  • Anenomies and corals

- no medusa stage

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56
Q

Phylum Ctenophora

A
  • two cell layers, ectodermis and gastrodermis
  • biradial symmetry
  • mouth and anus
  • 8 rows of cilia called comb rows, used to move
  • 2 or no tentacles
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57
Q

Jelly ecological role

A
  • pelagic and benthic predators
  • create pelagic substrate and food
  • food for other animals
  • reef building
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58
Q

Impacts on humans

A
  • predation
  • foul up nets and water intakes
  • danger to swimmers
  • aesthetics in public aquaria
  • coral reefs
  • medicines
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59
Q

Flatworms - platyhelminthes (phylum)

A
  • flattened
  • acoelomate
  • mouth but no anus
  • mono or dioecious
  • triploblastic
  • single opening
  • free living or parasitic
  • metameric segmentation
  • setae
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60
Q

classes of platyhelminthes

A

-cestoda, tubelaria, trematoda

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61
Q

Annelids

A
  • tripoblastic
  • eucoelom - body compartments covered by peritoneum (lining)
  • metameric segmentation - repeated characteristics
  • mono and dioecious
  • circular and longitudinal muscles
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62
Q

Fucntions of coelomic compartments in Annelids

A
  • circulation of nutrients and gases
  • hydrostatic skeleton - based on water pressure
  • excretion and osmoregulation
  • storage of gametes
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63
Q

4 classes of Annelids

A

polychaeta*, (Oligochaeta), sipuncula, echiura

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64
Q

Polychaeta

A
  • largest class
  • most 5-10cm long
  • segments have paddle like appendages, some with setae and cirri
  • head composed of prostomium (first segment)
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65
Q

polychaeta feeding

A
  • deposit feeders

- complete digestive tract

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66
Q

polychaeta reproduction

A
  • some by budding some sexually

- Trochophore Larva

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67
Q

polychaeta habitat

A
  • benthi or in hard or soft substrates
  • infauna, epifauna
  • all marine
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68
Q

Polychaeta ecological value

A
  • food source for benthic animals
  • contribute to recycling nutrients
  • structure sediments provide habitat
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69
Q

Oligochaeta

A
  • earth worms or aquatic
  • no parapodia
  • prostomium lacks sensory structures (eyes etc)
  • monoecious
  • have setae (bristle)
  • locomote by a series of peristaltic waves (involuntary wavelike movements)
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70
Q

Oligochaeta reproduction

A

-clitellum - specialized region of epithelium that secretes a cocoon where embryos develop

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71
Q

Hirudinea (subclass)

A
  • leeches
  • no parapodia
  • no eyes etc
  • clitellum (monoecious)
  • lack setae
  • no septa compartmentalized body
  • posses suckers
  • ectoparasites
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72
Q

sipunculida

A

peanut worms

  • deopsit feeders
  • unsegmented
  • no setae
  • trochophore larvae
  • molecular link to annelids
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73
Q

Echiura

A
  • spoon worms
  • unsegmented
  • deposit or suspension feeders
  • molecular data links to annelids
  • one pair of setae
  • trochophore larvae
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74
Q

Diploblastic

A
  • two primary layers - endoderm and ectoderm

- ctenophora and cnidaria

75
Q

triploblastic

A

3 layers - mesoderm, ectoderm and endoderm - flatworms

76
Q

epithelium

A

-tissue that lines cavities

77
Q

Phylum mollusca

A
  • Lophotrochazoa
  • trochophore larvae
  • well developed organ systems
78
Q

Biological characteristics mollusca

A

-open circulatory system with heart, blood vessels and blood sinuses
-mantle - secretes shell and encloses mantle cavity
radula - rasping organ used in feeding
-muscular foot - ventral position, used for locomotion
-gas exchange by gills, lung, mantle cavity, or body surface
-mouth and sensory organs simple to complex eyes tentacles radula in mouth

79
Q

radula

A

-a rasping, protrusible, tonguelike organ found in all molluscs except bivalves and some nudibranchs lined with teeth and supported by a cartilage structure - odontophore

80
Q

Mollusca feeding

A
  • radula and odontophore controlled by muscles
  • the radular teeth scrape, pierce, tear or cut food particles
  • radula transports food to the esophagus
81
Q

foot

A
  • used for locomotion or attachment ventral in position

e. g., snail, mussels and squid produces mucus to assist with movement

82
Q

Visceral mass

A

(mantle and mantle cavity)
-the mantle secretes the shell mantle covers viscera and creates mantle cavity
mantle cavity houses the respiratory organs
digestive, excretory and reproductive systems empty products into mantle cavity

83
Q

Shell of mollusca

A

-secreted by mantle

three layers - periostracum, prismatic layer and nacreous layer

84
Q

periostracum

A

outer horny layer, made of conchiolin, a protein resistant to erosion and boring

85
Q

prismatic layer

A

densely packed prisms of calcium carbonate and protein

86
Q

nacreous layer

A

composed of calcium carbonate sheets laid down over a thin protein matrix

87
Q

mollusca reproduction

A

most dioecious, some gastropods hermaphrodytes

-most aquatic molluscs have two larval stages, trochophore and veliger larvae

88
Q

trochophore larvae

A

small (microscopic), top shaped and has a circlet of cilia around the middle

89
Q

mollusca habitat

A
  • from tropics to polar seas
  • most are marine, some are freshwater and terrestrial
  • hard and soft substrates
  • benthic and pelagic
  • protected and exposed coasts
90
Q

Mollusca taxonomy

A

Class Polyplacophora - chitons

Class Scaphopoda - tusk shells

Class Gastropoda - snails, slugs and limpets

Class Bivalvia - clams, mussels and scallops

Class Cephalopoda - squid, octopus

91
Q

Class Polyplacophora - chitons

A

-eight articulating plates or valves
-common on rock surfaces in intertidal zone
-travel short distances to graze on algae with their radula
-return to same location during low tide
-mantle forms girdle around edge of plates
the mantle cavity houses gills on two sides

92
Q

Veliger larvae

A
  • common in marine snails, tusk shells and bivalves

- beginings of foot, shell and mantle

93
Q

Class Scaphopoda

A

-tusk shells
-sedentary marine molluscs
-foot used for burrowing in mud or sand
-shell protrudes from sediment
-feed on protozoa and detritus with tentacles
no gills, gas exhange across mantle surface

94
Q

Class Gastropoda

A

-largest and most diverse class, 40,000 species
-operculum - plate to cover shell aperture
-secondarily asymmetrical due to torsion
-marine - use gills, terrestrial and fresh water - use lung
-feeding habits include herbivores, carnivores, scavengers
-some have an extensible proboscis equiped with the radula for boring into bivalve shells
gastropods are dioecious or hermaphrodytes
-copulation is common
-eggs laid in gelatinous masses or singly
-veliger larvae present in marine species

95
Q

Class Bivalvia

A
  • shell with two valves
  • sedentary suspension feeders
  • feeding currents produced by cilia on gills
  • no head or radula
  • incurrent and excurrent siphons
  • foot used for burrowing in sediments
96
Q

Class Cephalopoda

A
  • squid, octopuses, nautilus, cuttlefish, all marine, all active predators
  • foot forms funnel to expel water from mantle cavity
  • locomote by jet propulsion
  • ink sac for defense
  • separate sexes, copulation, tentacles transfer sperm sac, eggs attached to substrate
97
Q

lophotrochozoan protostomes

A

In lophotrochozoan protostomes, the mesoderm cells derived from the mesentoblast
(mesoderm stem cell) form two clusters of cells between the archenteron and the
ectoderm. The cells become organized as a monolayer around a central cavity.
The central cavity is the future eucoelom and the surrounding cells are the future
mesothelium. This process is known as schizocoely.

98
Q

Ecdoyozoans

A

-Shed skin

99
Q

Nematodes

A
  • parasitic, symbiotic & free living

- roundworm

100
Q

Nematode characteristics

A
  • multilayered, collagenous cuticle (4 molts)
  • longitudinal muscles only
  • pseudocoel - high pressure (hp allows them to whip around)… hydrostatic
  • syncytial epidermis (continuous cytoplasm.. no cell walls)
  • anterior nerve ring & longitudinal cords
  • cilia (aberrant) restricted to sensory structures
  • eutely – fixed number of cells
101
Q

Nemotode locomotion

A

Rigid cuticle – multiple layers of collagen fibres having different fibre orientations (store strain energy)

2) Fluid within pseudocoel maintained under high pressure
3) Longitudinal muscles only

102
Q

Nematode reproduction

A

Asexual – few species capable of parthenogenesis
Sexual
Dioecious (few exceptions)
Internal fertilization

Growth: cell enlargement; no increase in cell number - 4 molts to adulthood

103
Q

Anthropoda

A
  • Metamerism – body segments w/ specialization - fundamentaly similar
  • Tagmata – fused segments
  • Exoskeleton of chitin, lipid, protein (which molts)
  • Hardened by tanning or calcium carbonate
  • Molting of exoskeleton
  • Jointed legs with special musculature - minimalized muscles for complicated movement
  • Lack motile cilia – may have setae (hairs, like in polychaets)
  • well developed sensory organs – eyes, setae on cuticle, antennae and mouth parts, statocysts
104
Q

Anthropod molting

A

intermolt, premolt, ecdysis

105
Q

Anthropod circulatory system

A
  • coelom reduced, hemocoel main cavity

- open circulatory system

106
Q

hemocoel

A

A cavity or series of spaces between the organs of most arthropods and mollusks through which the blood circulates.

107
Q

Respiration in anthropods

A

respiration by body surface, gills, book lungs or tracheae

108
Q

Excretion in anthropods..

A

Crustaceans & aquatic
-ammonia, diffuses through gills + nephridial coxal, antennal or maxillary glands

Terrestrial - insects
- uric acid by Malpighian tubules

109
Q

statocysts

A

A small organ of balance in many invertebrates, consisting of a fluid-filled sac containing statoliths that stimulate sensory cells

110
Q

Reproduction in anthropods

A

-dioecious, internal fertilization, oviparous (egg laying) or ovoviparous, (develops after birth or hatching) often with metamorphosis

111
Q

Anthropod taxonomy

A

Myrapodia - new, Insecta, Crustacea (formally subphylum)

112
Q

Crustacea

A
  • 2-3 tagmata (A distinct section of an arthropod, consisting of two or more adjoining segments)
  • 2 antenna
  • compound eyes
  • nauplius larva/ and cyprid larva (in barnicals)
113
Q

Nauplius larva

A

a larval form with three pairs of appendages and a single median eye

114
Q

compound eyes

A

Arthropod eyes are called compound eyes because they are made up of repeating units, the ommatidia, each of which functions as a separate visual receptor

115
Q

Class crustacea - subclasses?

A
  • Branchiopoda
  • Copepoda - sea lice
  • Cirripedia - barnacles
  • Malacosraca - crabs, shrimp etc
116
Q

carapace

A

dorsal (upper) section of the exoskeleton or shell

-cirripedia, branchiopoda,

117
Q

cyprid larva

A

last larval stage before adulthood. It is a non-feeding stage whose role is to find a suitable place to settle, since the adults are sessile. Barnicals have this stage as well as nauplius

118
Q

somites

A

A somite is a division of the body of an animal

119
Q

tagmata

A

(A distinct section of an arthropod, consisting of two or more adjoining segments)

120
Q

cephalothorax

A

tagma of various arthropods, comprising the head and the thorax fused together, as distinct from the abdomen behind. Also known as prosoma

121
Q

pleopods

A

such as lobsters, pleopods are legs mainly used for swimming but sometimes used for brooding eggs or catching food.

122
Q

Uropods

A

posterior appendages found on a wide variety of crustaceans. They typically have functions in locomotion.

123
Q

malacostracan feeding

A
  • suspension feeders
  • predatory
  • detritivores (An organism that feeds on and breaks down dead plant or animal matter, returning essential nutrients to the ecosystem)
  • herbivores
  • parasitic
124
Q

malacostracan reproduction

A
  • mostly dioecious, some monoecious
  • copulation common
  • brood eggs
  • larvae with numerous molts
  • nauplius
125
Q

Pedipalps

A

the two “feelers” on a spider’s face.

126
Q

Chelicerae

A

The chelicerae are mouthparts

127
Q

Telson

A

The telson is the last division of the body of a crustacean

128
Q

Proboscis

A
  • Elongated appendage from the head of an animal.

- In invertebrates, the term usually refers to tubular mouthparts used for feeding and sucking

129
Q

Phlyum Echinodermata (spiny-skinned animals)

A
  • dueterostomes
    • radial adult stage (pentamerous symmetry)
  • tripoblastic
  • calcareous ossicles - allows them to shrink in size when no food
  • water vascular system (run by water pressure)
  • no excretory organs
  • dioecious
130
Q

locomotion of echinomermata

A

primarily through tube feet

131
Q

Respiration of echinodermata

A

-through dermal branchiae, tube feet, respiratory tree (sea cucumbers), bursae (brittle stars)

132
Q

bursae

A

small fluid-filled sac lined by synovial membrane with an inner capillary layer of viscous fluid

133
Q

reproduction in echinodermata

A

dioecious

  • planktonic larvae
  • bilateral larvae
134
Q

Class Asteroidea

A

sea stars…

  • five or more arms with central disc
  • tubercles on ossicles with spines
  • ambulacral grooves lined with spines
  • pedicellariae (small wrench or claw-shaped structure.. thought to keep free of debris)
  • papula between ossicles (to ward off predators)
  • madreporite (water vascular system) and anus on aboral surface
  • nerve net
  • no brain
135
Q

Feeding for asteroidae

A
  • carnivorous
  • tube feed - stick stomach inside clam
  • digest externally mostly
  • larger waste discharged via mouth
136
Q

reproduction in asteroidae

A
  • separate sexes
  • external fertilization
  • bipinnaria and brachiolaria larvae
  • arms may regenerate
137
Q

Habitat of asteroidae

A
  • lower, intertidal and shallow waters
  • rock, sand and mud substrate
  • lots of biodiversity in BC bc of cold water (higher O2 levels)
138
Q

Classes within echinodermata

A 
asteroidae
ophiuroidea
echinoidea
holothuroidea
crinoidea
139
Q

ophiuroidea

A

brittle stars..

  • 5 arms and slender
  • no pedicallariae or papular (main differentiation)
  • ambulacral groove closed (lines underneath arms, in middle)
  • no tube feet suckers
  • madreporite on oral surface
  • ossicles connected by muscles and covered by plates
  • no anus or intestine
  • spines on side of arms
  • five pairs of bursae
140
Q

feeding in ophiuroidea

A

-suspension feeders - mucus nets or browsers

141
Q

reproduction in ophiuroidea

A
  • dioecious
  • external fertilization
  • ophiopluteus larva (4 pairs of arms)
  • gonads empty into bursae
  • regenerate easily
142
Q

habitat of ophiuroidea

A
  • benthic marine

- all depths and substrates

143
Q

Class echinoidea

A
  • ossicles fused to form test
  • anus and madreporite on aboral surface
  • ossicles with tubercles and spines
  • pedicellariae present
  • 5 pairs of ambulacral grooves
  • tube feet
  • echinopluteus larvae
144
Q

feeding in echinoidea

A
  • 5 teeth in aristotles lantern (feeding aparatus)

- algal grazers or filter feeders with mucous net

145
Q

echinoidea habitat

A
  • shallow to deep

- urchins prefer hard substrate, sand dollars and heart urchins prefer sand

146
Q

class Holothuroidea

A

sea cucumber

  • elongated aboral-oral axis
  • reduced ossicles, scattered within epidermis
  • 10-30 oral tenticles
  • respiratory tree - inside - pull in water
147
Q

Feeding in holothuroidea

A

suspension or deposit feeders

  • tentacles modified for feeding
  • retractable tentacles
148
Q

reproduction in holothuroidea

A
  • dioecious, external fertilization

- free swimming larvae (auricularia) or broods on female

149
Q

habitat holothuroidea

A

hard substrate or burrows

150
Q

Class crinoidea

A

sea lilies, feather stars

  • body disc
  • leathery skin
  • calcareous plates
  • 5 flexible arms with pinnules (part of an organ like long feather)
  • NO madreporite, spines or pedicellariae
  • Upper surface bears mouth and anus
  • tentaculate tube feet in ambulacral groove
151
Q

Feeding crinoidea

A
  • tube feet and mucus net

- ciliated ambulacral groove transports food to mouth

152
Q

reproduction in crinoidea

A
  • dioecious

- free swimming larvae (doliolaria)

153
Q

habitat in crinoidea

A

-many deep water species, also in shallow too

154
Q

Lophophorates

A

Phyla

  • ectoprota (bryozoa) - moss animals
  • brachiopoda - hard shells, like mollusks, but hard valves on upper and lower surfaces..
  • entoprocta (phoronida) - anus inside
155
Q

characteristics of lophophores

A
  • 2 eucoela compartments - lophophoral coelom and perivisceral coelom
  • u-shaped digestive system
156
Q

Phylum Bryozoa lifestyle

A
  • colonial
  • suspension feeders
  • funnel of ciliated tentacles
  • exoskeleton - zooecium (sac secreted and lived in) & often calcified
  • No specialized organs for gas exchange, excretion or propulsion of circulating fluids
157
Q

colony formations of bryozoa

A
  • stoloniferous
  • encrusting
  • erect - flat blades, branched fronds (large, divided leaf)
158
Q

Defensive strategies of zooids (single of bryozoa)

A
  • colonialism
  • chemical defence
  • calcification of frontal membrane
159
Q

Phyla brachiopoda characteristics

A

lamp shells

  • bivalve shell, dorsal and ventral
  • pedicel - fleshy stalk
  • ventral valve larger
160
Q

brachiopoda habitat

A
  • benthic marine
  • mainly shallow water
  • dominant part of ancient seas
161
Q

brachiopoda reproduction

A
  • separate sexes, external fertilization

- larvae similar to trochophore

162
Q

Lophophorates

A

Phyla

  • ectoprota (bryozoa)
  • brachiopoda
  • entoprocta (phoronida)
163
Q

characteristics of lophophores

A
  • 2 eucoela compartments - lophophoral coelom and perivisceral coelom
  • u-shaped digestive system
164
Q

Phylum Bryozoa lifestyle

A
  • colonial
  • suspension feeders
  • funnel of ciliated tentacles
  • exoskeleton - zooecium (sac secreted and lived in) & often calcified
  • No specialized organs for gas exchange, excretion or propulsion of circulating fluids
165
Q

colony formations of bryozoa

A
  • stoloniferous
  • encrusting
  • erect - flat blades, branched fronds (large, divided leaf)
166
Q

Defensive strategies of zooids (single of bryozoa)

A
  • colonialism
  • chemical defence
  • calcification of frontal membrane
167
Q

Phyla brachiopoda characteristics

A

lamp shells

  • bivalve shell, dorsal and ventral
  • pedicel - fleshy stalk
  • ventral valve larger
168
Q

brachiopoda habitat

A
  • benthic marine
  • mainly shallow water
  • dominant part of ancient seas
169
Q

brachiopoda reproduction

A
  • separate sexes, external fertilization

- larvae similar to trochophore

170
Q

Chordata - subphyla

A
  • Urochordata
  • Cephalochordata
  • Hemichordata
  • Vertebrata
171
Q

Chordate characteristics

A
  • post anal tail
  • pharyngeal slits
  • notochord
  • dorsal, hollow nerve cord
172
Q

notochord

A

rod shaped skeleton found in embryos

173
Q

subphyla Urochordates classes

A
  • ascidiacea
  • larvacea
  • thalicea
174
Q

ascidiacea feeding

A
  • tunicates
  • sac-like marine invertebrate filter and suspension (mostly) feeders
  • suspension feeding done through perforated pharynx, and water exits through atrial siphon
175
Q

ascidiacea reproduction

A
  • free spawning
  • hermaphroditic
  • notochord only present in larval stage (called tadpole) - last a day
  • tadpole larva have muscular tail for swimming that contains notochord and hollow dorsal nerve chord
  • settle on substrate through secretion of adhesive papillae
  • lose tail - loss of 3 of 4 chordate characteristics
176
Q

ascidiacea respiration characteristics

A
  • u shaped gut
  • brain
  • marine
  • closed circulatory system
  • nervous system
  • solitary, social, colonial
  • tunic with chemicals (composed of protein and tunicin secreted from epidermal cells)
  • sessile (as adults)
177
Q

Ascidiacea ecosystem functions

A
  • found everywhere
  • filter lots of water (contribute to marine snow)
  • compete for space (grow over things)
  • substrate
  • food
178
Q

Human significace - ascidiacea

A
  • ecosystem function
  • fouling particularly of aquaculture
  • drugs
  • genetic research
  • bait and food
179
Q

Phylum Chordata characteristics

A

-includes both vert and inverts

-

180
Q

pharyngeal slits

A

originally in suspension feeding, but then became gas exchange structures

181
Q

urochordate characteristics

A

-include ascidians (tunicates or sea squirts)

182
Q

protostomes

A

Based on mollecular data..
-protostomes..

-includes ecdysozoa and lophochocozoa

183
Q

Ecdysozoa

A
  • molt

- include nematodes and anthropods

184
Q

lophotrochozoa

A

“wheel animals”

  • includes Trochozoa (annelids and mollusca)
  • includes platyzoa (platyhelminthes)
  • includes lophophoras (bryozoa (moss animals), brachiopods (like mollusks, but not))

Invertebrates (3 decks)

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