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PH 260 Test 1 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pro-life narrative?

A

innocent life of the fetus under the control of the mother, anything done to the innocent fetus is wrong

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2
Q

what is the pro-choice narrative?

A

mother’s health & body are first priority, mother has right to defend herself against intrusion of fetus into her life

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3
Q

How does individual autonomy apply to abortion?

A

mother’s right to make her own decision

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4
Q

How does social paternalism apply to abortion?

A

laws restricting the mother’s right (society speaking on behalf of the fetus since the fetus can’t speak for itself)

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5
Q

According to Roe v. Wade, is the fetus a person?

A

NO, it is NOT a person in the sense of the 14th amendment (doesn’t have right to protection of due process)

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6
Q

What does Roe v. Wade consider as a person?

A

a live born person (fetus is NOT a person)

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7
Q

How did Roe v. Wade rule on abortion?

A

the trimester formula

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8
Q

What are the rights of the mother during the first trimester?

A

GREAT concern

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9
Q

What is the right of the fetus during the first trimester?

A

LITTLE concern

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10
Q

According to Roe v. Wade, is abortion ok in the first trimester?

A

it is ok, because it is a safety issue for the mother and the fetus does not have brain activity

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11
Q

What occurs at the end of the first trimester?

A

QUICKENING: when the mother first feels the baby kick (developmental stage)

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12
Q

What are the rights of the mother during the second trimester?

A

lessening concern

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13
Q

What are the rights of the fetus during the second trimester?

A

growing concern

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14
Q

What does Roe v. Wade say about second trimester abortion?

A

you must have a good reason to have an abortion. ONCE VIABILITY IS REACHED, rights of fetus trump rights of mother

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15
Q

What occurs late in the second trimester?

A

VIABILITY: fetus is able to survive outside the womb with assistance

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16
Q

What is the right of the mother during the third trimester?

A

LITTLE concern

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17
Q

What is the right of the fetus during the third trimester?

A

GREAT concern

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18
Q

Can military doctors perform abortions?

A

NO, because military docs are paid by taxpayer dollars

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19
Q

What did Webster v. Reproductive Health Services say about the trimester formula?

A

it is UNSOUND

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20
Q

What did Webster vs. Reproductive Health Services decide regarding abortion?

A

more authority given to individual states

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21
Q

What did Planned Parenthood v. Casey do for abortion?

A

allows state to regulate abortion, as long as it doesn’t place undue burden on women’s right to abortion

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22
Q

What does PP vs. Casey see as the majority position regarding abortion?

A

majority position supports the right to abortion WITH LIMITS

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23
Q

What is the definition of abortion?

A

expulsion or removal of a nonviable fetus, that is a fetus that cannot live outside the uterus at that time

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24
Q

What is a fetus in the biological sense?

A

from the beginning of the 9th week of pregnancy to the moment of birth

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25
Q

Below 9 weeks, what do we consider what is growing in a woman’s uterus?

A

EMBRYO

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26
Q

At birth, what does the fetus become?

A

BABY (live born human being)

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27
Q

What is a spontaneous abortion?

A

MISCARRIAGE, natural caused event

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28
Q

What is an induced abortion?

A

when we CHOOSE to have an abortion, with human intentionality

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29
Q

What is therapeutic abortion?

A

considered ETHICAL

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30
Q

What is non-therapeutic abortion?

A

UNETHICAL, abortion of convenience when woman doesn’t want the child

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31
Q

What is a eugenic abortion?

A

When the fetus is aborted because there is a serious malfunction in the genes of the body and the fetus did not develop normally

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32
Q

What does eugenic mean in latin?

A

“good genes”

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33
Q

What do pro-life people believe in the sense of the person?

A

GENETIC sense of person: since the fetus has a complete genetic code from the moment of conception, it is therefore a human person

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34
Q

If you believe in the genetic sense of the person, is abortion murder?

A

YES, because the human should be protected from the time of its creation since it is a person from the moment of conception

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35
Q

What do pro-choice people believe in the sense of the person?

A

RELATIONAL SENSE of the person: since the fetus doesn’t have ability to reason, communicate or relate, it is NOT a human person

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36
Q

In the relational sense of the person, whose rights are most important?

A

MOTHERs rights are most important, because the fetus is not yet a person

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37
Q

how do our authors speak of the moral status of the fetus?

A

from the perspective of the marginalized (protecting the dignity of those who cannot protect themselves)

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38
Q

What is our authors position on the moral status of abortion?

A

the fetus has a SERIOUS, but not absolute, right to life from the moment of conception, but there will be times when the mother’s right to her body supersedes the fetus right

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39
Q

What are the motives for a therapeutic abortion from the woman’s point of view?

A
  1. necessary to save mother’s life

2. necessary on the basis of other medical indications

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40
Q

What are the motives for a eugenic abortion for the fetus?

A

view that the particular fetus is better off dead

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41
Q

What is the motive for eugenic abortions from a social point of view?

A

society would be better off without this particular fetus being born

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42
Q

What is the motive for an abortion for juridicial reasons

A

rape or incest, or other issues regarding woman’s mental health

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43
Q

What is the motive for abortions centered on family goods?

A

cases where the family would suffer psychologically or economically from the birth of another child or a severely ill child

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44
Q

What is the motive for abortion for the sake of miscellaneous goods from a woman’s point of view?

A

can include anything-lifestyle, career pattern, desired sex of baby

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45
Q

What did Margaret Little say about the ethics of parenthood?

A

from gestation through the life of the child, the autonomy of the woman is limited by the choice to create life; one can choose NOT to create life (abstinence, contraception, abortion)

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46
Q

What are the two situations to consider with coercion & abortion?

A
  1. cases of parents pressuring daughter to have/not have an abortion
  2. cases in which government employees deceive or blackmail poor women into having abortions
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47
Q

What are the three types of alternative reproduction?

A

AI, IVF, surrogacy

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48
Q

What is artificial insemination?

A

harvest sperm through masturbation, insert it into woman’s vagina through the syringe

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49
Q

What are the two types of artificial insemination

A

homologous and heterologous

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50
Q

what is homologous AI?

A

When the sperm originates from the woman’s husband

(homo = same, logos = name); child has genetic material from both husband and wife

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51
Q

What is heterologous AI?

A

when the sperm originates from an anonymous donor (hetero = other, logos = name)

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52
Q

What are three reasons that a male may need/want to use AI?

A
  1. male may not be able to produce sperm
  2. may have low sperm count
  3. sperm may have impaired mobility
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53
Q

What might a female want/need to use AI?

A

if female has very viscous vaginal secretions, it may be difficult for sperm to fertilize the egg normally

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54
Q

What are the three objections to AI from a natural law perspective?

A
  1. masturbation
  2. adultery with heterologous AI
  3. artificiality introduced into a natural process
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55
Q

Do we see heterologous AI as being adultery?

A

NO, but some might because a woman is being impregnated by a man who isn’t her husband

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56
Q

What is a major concern with heterologous AI?

A

INCEST! What if the sperm you receive is from a relative? issues with CONSANGUITY

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57
Q

What does CONSANGUITY mean?

A

“with same blood”

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58
Q

What is the issue with artificial donor insemination and the unmarried mother?

A

tension between autonomy of the individual woman and the strong paternalism of society

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59
Q

When a male gives sperm to a bank, what is important that the bank do?

A

gather genetic information to screen for possible defects

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60
Q

What are rules of sperm donation?

A
  1. donor information is not completely concealed to allow genetic heritage of the child to be known
  2. one donor is used (sperm is not mixed)
  3. health history of donor is known
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61
Q

What does in-vitro mean literally?

A

“in glass”, meaning they are mixed in a Petri dish

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62
Q

What is IVF?

A

gather sperm via masturbation, give the woman hormone therapy to increase egg production, harvest eggs, eggs and sperm put together in petri dish, allowing for fertilization, embryos produced and injected into uterus

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63
Q

how many embryos are usually injected into the uterus?

A

3-5

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64
Q

What is the success rate of IVF?

A

very low, about 15%

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65
Q

What are the ethical problems with IVF?

A
  1. sex selection
  2. multiple embryo attachment and selective abortion
  3. What happens with remaining embryos
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66
Q

How is sex selection an issue with IVF?

A

At 4 days old, one embryo sex is slightly heavier, therefore we can figure out what the sexes are via centrifuge, allowing parents to pick what sex of embryo they want injected

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67
Q

What is multiple embryo attachment an issue with IVF?

A

can cause woman to give birth to multiple children…if she only wans one child, she may choose to have a selective abortion to get rid of however many embryos she doesn’t want

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68
Q

What is done with the embryos that are not injected

A

they are frozen

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69
Q

What happens to frozen embryos?

A

they can be DISCARDED, which some view as abortion…or they can be used for research

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70
Q

What is the Kantian approach to the discard problem?

A

thaw them out and let them die

71
Q

What is the Mill approach to the discard problem?

A

thaw out embryos, use them for research to help other people (utilitarian principle)

72
Q

How expensive is IVF?

A

10,000+

73
Q

What occurred in the Rios case?

A

couple with frozen embryos dies in plane crash with no children…who do the embryos go to? the executor of the estate, or would that be conflict of interest?

74
Q

What occurred in the Davis case?

A

IVF does not take, couple gets divorced…are the frozen embryos considered property (divide 50/50) or children?

75
Q

Why would someone decide to use a surrogate?

A
  1. if mother is unable to carry a child to term

2. mother can donate eggs/husband sperm but she doesn’t have to be burdened with carrying kid

76
Q

What is the natural/biological/genetic mother?

A

woman who donated the egg

77
Q

Who is the surrogate/gestational mother?

A

the woman who carries the child

78
Q

why would you want your family to be a surrogate over a stranger?

A

because you trust them, obviously

79
Q

Is surrogate motherhood another form of adoption?

A

NO, because as long as surrogate signs the paperwork she has no legal right to the child once it is born

80
Q

What is the major ethical issue with alternative forms of reproduction?

A

that it is becoming more and more artificial

81
Q

What are the three types of resources a person can donate?

A
  1. renewable
  2. paired non-renewable
  3. non paired nonrenewable
82
Q

What are renewable resources?

A

ones that body will renew

BLOOD AND BONE MARROW

83
Q

What are paired nonrenewable resources?

A

kidney, lungs, cornea

you can live with only one, and can donate while you are alive

84
Q

What are nonpaired nonrenewable resources?

A

heart, liver, pancreas

can only be donated at the moment of death

85
Q

What organ may be moved from nonpaired nonrenewable to renewable?

A

liver! as technology advances

86
Q

what is the key principle for organ transplant?

A

principle of proportionality

87
Q

What is the recipient of an organ’s right (when offered an organ)?

A

they have the right to REFUSE

88
Q

What is an organ donation between two live people called?

A

inter vivos donation

89
Q

what is an organ donation at the time of death?

A

cadaver donation

90
Q

what is the uniform anatomical gift act?

A

legalizes the willing of one person’s organs for donation

91
Q

is there an obligation to donate an organ?

A

NO obligation

92
Q

Is the selling of organs legal?

A

NO, the national organ transplant act forbids the sale of organs

93
Q

what are the 3 arguments that support NOT selling organs?

A
  1. obtaining organs would be an economic issue (rich > poor)
  2. selling organs is exploitation of poor people looking to make $
  3. organs should be seen as a national resource
94
Q

What is publicizing?

A

making it known publicly that you are looking for an organ donation (ethically questionable)

95
Q

What are the two ethical sides of publicizing?

A
  1. opportunity favors rich over poor

2. person who donates may be able to give life to more than one person

96
Q

when do we consider someone legally dead?

A

when they are BRAIN death

97
Q

what is an anencephalic donor?

A

when the baby is born with no upper brain (can be used for transplant, but it is ethically questionable whether infant is alive when born)

98
Q

If it is ethical for parents to donate infants organs after death, is it ethical to terminate the life of a donor to supply an organ?

A

NO

99
Q

is transplanting fetal tissue ok?

A

YES, but you can’t kill the fetus for transplant OR raise the fetus for the mere purpose of transplant tissue

100
Q

If you have a donor card in ohio, will the medical team ask your family for permission to harvest your organs?

A

NO, they will follow your wishes (ie. organ donation)

101
Q

if you do not have a donor card in Ohio, how will the medical team proceed?

A

they will approach your next of kin about organ donation

102
Q

what is the medical criteria for microallocation of organs?

A

likelihood of benefit, urgency of need, change in QOL, duration of benefit, amount of resource required for successful treatment

103
Q

What are technical factors that go into organ donation?

A

time and place of death, location of person who needs organ, skills of doctors

104
Q

what is the criterion of family support with organ donation?

A

uses utility principle and looks at family support as a major factor for recovery, gives priority to those individuals with good support systems if all other things are equal

105
Q

what is the issue with ageism and transplantation?

A

we need to distinguish between age and general health!

106
Q

what does the national task force on organ transplant say about non-immigrant aliens and kidney transplants?

A

they should not receive more than 10% of the total number of kidney transplants

107
Q

What is testing?

A

a procedure performed when SYMPTOMS ARE PRESENT

108
Q

What is screening?

A

a procedure performed when symptoms are ABSENT

109
Q

What is the central question with testing/screening?

A

pt: will it lead to more harm than good?
HCP: will the benefit to the patient be enough to justify costs and risks

110
Q

Are all tests 100% accurate?

A

NO, each test isn’t completely accurate because of our unique bodily differences

111
Q

What are the two aspects of every test?

A

specificity and sensitivity

112
Q

What is sensitivity?

A

the ability of a test to detect infection when infection is present

113
Q

What is specificity?

A

the ability of a test to detect the absence of infection when the sample is uninfected

114
Q

What is a false positive?

A

test result that indicates the presence of an infection when there is no infection

115
Q

What is a false negative?

A

test result that says patient is free of a condition when the condition is really present

116
Q

Test results are…

A

factual

117
Q

Interpretation of test results are…

A

subjective

118
Q

What is the risk with ultrasound for prenatal testing?

A

low risk, really nothing

119
Q

what is the reward for ultrasound in prenatal testing?

A

cost is low, good information provided

120
Q

what is amniocentesis?

A

stick a large bore needle through umbilical cord to get amniotic fluid

121
Q

What are the risks of amniocentesis?

A
  1. invasive
  2. pain involved
  3. infection risk
  4. small risk of injury to fetus
122
Q

What are the benefits of amniocentesis?

A

can test for genetic problems

123
Q

What populations may elect to have amniocentesis?

A

HIGH risk populations

  1. increased age of mother
  2. family history of genetic problems
124
Q

What is chorionic villi biopsy?

A

similar to amniocentesis, done later in pregnancy to detect different abnormalities

125
Q

What is the death rate worldwide for chorionic villi biopsy?

A

4%

126
Q

What costs are associated with testing?

A

financial, physical, psychic, social

127
Q

Do you need informed consent for testing?

A

YES, patient needs to know all of risks and costs and benefits

128
Q

Why do we see a lot of false positives with mass screenings?

A

because they tend to lower the bar for identification of a specific condition, to try and increase the number of individuals who are flagged to go follow up with PCP

129
Q

What is stigmatization/labeling?

A

placing a mark of infamy, disgrace or reproach on someone/group

130
Q

What is a stigma?

A

an attribute, or undesired differentness, which is deeply discrediting

131
Q

What are the three classes of stigma?

A
  1. physical deformities
  2. individual character blemishes (weak will, dishonesty)
  3. tribal stigma (associated with race, nation, religion)
132
Q

What is the problem with stigmatization and genetic screening?

A

we may discover markers in unborn children that are associated with certain diseases…can lead to abortion (even if disease may never appear)

133
Q

should hospitals screen incoming patients for AIDS?

A

no

134
Q

What are the two types of research (broadly speaking)?

A

clinically validated and experimental clinical practice

135
Q

What is clinically validated research?

A

something that has been studied in trials, and is now considered evidence-based medicine

136
Q

what are the two types of experimental clinical practice?

A
  1. trial and error

2. general experimental practice

137
Q

what is trial and error?

A

part of normal medicine, figuring out what does/doesn’t work for a patient when normal practices have failed

138
Q

what is general experimental practice?

A

seeks to find if a treatment will help patients in general (generalized knowledge)

139
Q

What is the Nuremburg code?

A

existing social code that holds researchers to certain ethical standards

140
Q

What are the guidelines of the Nuremburg code?

A
  1. must have explicit informed consent
  2. must keep humans as safe as possible
  3. must respect patient autonomy to withdraw from trial at any time
  4. common good must outweigh the individual good
141
Q

What is the role of the IRB?

A

to approve research studies and make sure they follow Nuremburg code

142
Q

What are the two types of trials?

A

THERAPEUTIC: benefit the person directly involved in study
NONTHERAPEUTIC: won’t benefit the person involved in the study directly, but will benefit future generations

143
Q

What must the subject be told for research informed consent?

A
  1. possibility of placebo
  2. prior research results
  3. possible therapeutic results
  4. right to withdraw at any time
144
Q

how does general vs. particular disclosure play into informed consent?

A

if particular disclosure would invalidate an experiment (ie. who is in the control group), then use a general disclosure that would not invalidate the experiment (ie. there will be a control group)

145
Q

What are the three principles concerning a surrogate?

A
  1. substitute judgement (pt wishes known)
  2. best interest (participation in nontherapeutic wont benefit patient, so don’t participate)
  3. rational choice: consider all options
146
Q

Can prisoners give consent?

A

NO because they are in a coercive environment

147
Q

who is likely to volunteer for a research study?

A
  1. altruistic people willing to undergo risks

2. deprived people who can get financial/social reward from participating

148
Q

What is a single blind study?

A

when the participant does not know whether they are receiving medicine or placebo

149
Q

What is a good thing with single blind studies?

A

researcher can quickly identify is something is going wrong, so you can stop study if necessary

150
Q

what is a negative to single blind studies?

A

allows for researcher bias

151
Q

what is a double blind study?

A

neither participant nor researcher knows who is receiving meds/placebo

152
Q

what is a bad thing about double blind study?

A

can’t identify problems as quickly

153
Q

what is a good thing about double blind studies?

A

it eliminates researcher bias

154
Q

What is a crossover study?

A

when group A receives meds for first month while group B gets placebo, then they switch the second month

155
Q

What is the good thing about a crossover study?

A

everyone gets medicine at some point

156
Q

What three things are needed to prevent discrimination?

A
  1. don’t underrepresent women and minorities in samples
  2. full inclusion of minorities in large scale studies
  3. cost-benefit ratio of first two
157
Q

What are the two approaches to who is on IRBs?

A
  1. composed of a wide variety of people

2. composition should be mostly professionals

158
Q

why is it important that we screen research?

A

because a lot of it is flawed, may fail to include pertinent details, generalized conclusions, etc.

159
Q

why is it important that we publicize negative results?

A

so we can guide future research and don’t repeat the same trials (thereby involving more human subjects)

160
Q

What happens when there is no research on a certain subject?

A

we tend to default to “how we’ve always done it” (ie with circumcision or tonsils)

161
Q

Is it ethical to use the results of Nazi research?

A

yes, as a memorial to victims

162
Q

What is the central concern with fetal research?

A

what is the moral status of the fetus

163
Q

What is needed to do research on the fetus in utero?

A

informed consent of the mother, and make sure the mother knows she has a right to change her mind!

164
Q

does the intent to abort change the moral status of the fetus?

A

NO

165
Q

What is important information concerning genes with genetic therapy?

A
  1. some traits are monogenic, others are polygenic
  2. multifactorial inheritance (ie. environment affects expression of trait)
  3. must cross a threshold of liability before trait appears
166
Q

What is somatic gene therapy?

A

when a functional gene is inserted into a body cell to supplement a damaged one

167
Q

is somatic gene therapy ok?

A

yes, because it will not be passed into gene pool

168
Q

what does somo mean?

A

body

169
Q

what is germline therapy?

A

changing either the sperm or egg

170
Q

Will germline therapy changes be passed on?

A

YES

171
Q

is germline therapy ethical?

A

NO, because you meddle with evolution and may cause other problems

172
Q

What is the advantage to cloning animals?

A

some produce hormones/organs that are beneficial to treating human illnesses

173
Q

if there is a clone of you, is that clone the same person as you are?

A

NO, because social history is essential to identity (therefore, cloning s not replication of a person)

PH 260 Test 1 (2 decks)

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