Final Flashcards
Could you explain to a friend the difference between competence and performance?
Competence is knowledge of language (grammar + lexicon); performance is putting that knowledge to use (production, perception), and acquisition of that knowledge.
Could you explain to a friend the difference between grammatical competence and communicative competence?
Grammatical competence is knowledge of formal aspects of language (phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics); communicative competence is knowledge of how to use language to communicate (pragmatics).
The component of the grammar responsible for combining sounds is
phonology
Bound morphemes
morphemes that need attachment to something
un in unbelievable
What are the three functions of the syntax of a language?
moves elements of sentences around
combines simple sentences to create complex sentences
creates basic sentence structure
Language is..
A system for combining ideas with signals
Lexical representations include…
meaning: features to distinguish this word from all other words form: phonemes, part of speech, subcategorization information
What do linguists mean when they say language is universal?
Language is in all humans and there are universal properties in all languages that follow the same grammar rules.
Evidence that language can’t be taught or suppressed
development of creoles from pidgins Nicaraguan Sign Language Glen & Jim: language learned through play
Evidence that children acquire language on similar developmental schedules
critical period (yes for L1 — but not so for L2) developmental milestones: similarity between kids and between languages
Evidence that language development is triggered by the environment
input that’s communicative/social: limits of TV exposure (Kuhl & colleagues) without input, no acquisition: Genie
Anatomical and physiological correlates for language
Brain
Which of the following is not a characteristic of child-directed speech?
It’s universal: all care-givers use it
whole object principle,
Whole object: children assume a new word refers to the whole object (not its parts, color, shape, function)
Ex: gammgi and you see its a blue bunny and then you think it means a rabbit and not the fur
Mutual exclusivity
Mutual exclusivity: children assume a new word is not a synonym for an existing word. When you have a new word and you know what one word is but you dont know what the other one is.. When you have two objects one being an umbrella and the other you dont know the name and someone says where’s the prindle you’re going to assume its the object you dont know.
Extendability (taxonomic) principle
How you call every type of meat chicken. This principle takes a word and extend the meaning. Overextension= extending the meaning too much
Extendability: children extend meanings of new words
What are the 3 lexical learning principles?
They are the whole object principle, the mutual exclusivity principle, and the extendability (taxonomic) principle
Can you name the characteristics of different developmental stages in children? Stages: 0-12 months, second year, preschool years, later language development
0-12 months: phonology (phonemic inventory, prosody)
second year: lexicon (lexical learning principles, vocab expansion, MLU, proto-sentences)
preschool years: syntax
later language development: pronominal reference, empty categories, discourse, ambiguity, metalinguistic ability
What do word substitution errors, like “We need a few laughs to break up the mahogany”, tell us about the organization of the lexicon?
The lexicon is organized by word form
Can you explain syntactic priming?
Previously experienced syntactic structures affect syntax produced. (“At what time do you close?” more likely to elicit “At 7.” A passive is morel likely to elicit a passive. A prepositional dative (e.g., “The boy gave a marble to his friend”) is more likely to elicit a prepositional dative.
Source-filter model of speech production: what’s the source? what’s the filter?
Source: vibration at vocal folds (also hissing produced by passing air through articulators)
Filter: shape of the resonant chambers in the vocal tract (phrayngeal, oral, & nasal cavity)
Which of the following contributes to the lack of invariance in the signal?
Physiological variation between speakers Linguistic context Variation within speaker Noise in the environment
Factors that affect lexical retrieval
Priming Ambiguity Frequency
Which of the following sentences is globally ambiguous?
The boy saw the girl with the telescope. Flying planes can be dangerous. put on cheat sheet
