Final Flashcards
As developing nations grow in affluence, the demand of what becomes especially strong?
meat
Why should Americans care if people in China eat more meat?
Because we produce the meat and if they eat more, we then have to produce more
List five ways animals contribute to the lives of humans
- clothing- wool
- money- live auction
- food-meat
- transportation- horses
- companionship- dogs
What are the three non-traditional animals used in agriculture?
Emu
Osterage
fish
Cattle meat
Beef
Chicken meat
Broiler
Goat meat
chevon
Sheep meat
lamb
Swine meat
pork
Lamb carcasses recieve a QUALITY and YEILD grade. What is the difference between these two USDA grades?
Yield is the fat % whereas quality is the grading of the meat such as its tenderness, marbeling, etc.
List four criteria used to determine beef yield grade
- 12th rib fat thickness
- 12th rib ribeye area
- % kidney, pelvic, and Heart fat
- hot carcass weight
List three beef quality grades
- Maturity- bones and meat color ( older the tougher)
- marbling-taste
- color- shelf life
What is the wholesale cut on pork
ham
what is the wholesale cut on beef
chuck
What is the wholesale cut on lamb
Leg
How to find carcass weight
(carcass weight / live weight) x 100
What is COLOSTRUM
the first milk of a cow. Rich in nutrients
Colostrum is very high in what specific protein compared to other milk?
immunoglogulin
This carbohydrate is found only in milk
lactose
This protien is found only in milk
casein
List two functions of the mammary gland
- Provide nutrition to offspring and humans
2. provide passive immunity through colostrum
What is the difference between homogenized and pasteurized?
Homogenized is the physical process where fat globules are reduced in size (cream rises to the top)
PAsteurized is the heating process to destroy bacteria and harmful pathogens in raw milk
List four classifications of poultry meat specific for chicken
broilers cornish game hen poussin fast food oriented broilet 3s and up
List five “parts” of a chicken carcass
Breast wings drumsticks though neck giblets
What is a leghorn
breed of chicken. Origin of laying strains
Why are eggs “candled”
ensure freedom of blood, meat spots, and cracks
What is the smallest egg size?
peewee
What does HACCP stand for?
Hazard Analysis Critical Contagious Point
What kind of hazard has bacteria, viruses, yeast, and mold?
Biological
What kind of hazard has sanitizers, antibiotics, fly spray?
Chemical
What kind of hazard has metal or glass pieces?
Foreign objects/ solids. physical
Define Critical point
A poin tin which a circumstance is acknowledged as in “danger” or needs help to get back to a normal producing/clean state
Crimp wool/fiber
waves in wool
Cuticle wool/fiber
causes fibers to cling together
Follicle wool/fiber
Located in outter dermis; hair and wool grow here
Medulla wool/fiber
Fibers inner core
Staple wool/fiber
Fiber length
Difference between wool and hair?
Wool is a solid form whereas hair is hollow
-some fine wool doesnt even have a medulla
List three properties of wool that make it advantageous fiber?
Fire proof
absorbs dye
warmth/insulates
What is estrous?
the mensuration cycle
What is Estrus?
The state of being in heat
List two accessory glands of the male repro tract
Prostate
bulbourethral
Define Parturtion
the act of giving birth
List the male and female gametes
Sperm
egg
List three hormones produced during estrous
estrogen
lacternization
pastergen
What is semen frozen in?
straws
Where is milk stored prior to removal?
Alveoli
Milk letdown
oxytocin
What is oxytocin release inhibited by?
pain
loud noises
stressful stimuli
Which sex is responsible for gender of offspring
Male
Six classes of nutrients
Water Carbohydrates fats proteins vitamins minerals
Most important nutrient?
water
What do proteins contain
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
Name four fat soluble vitmains
Vit. A, D, E, K
Name five water soluble vitmains
B1, B2, B3, B5, B12
Name 3 Macro minerals
Calcium
Potassium
Chlorine
Sodium
Name 4 Micro minerals
Iron,
zinc
copper
cobalt
Single form carbohydrates
Sugar and starches. simple stomach animals
Complex form carbohydrates
ruminant animals
Fats contain what?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Feed provides energy for 2 basic functions what are they
Maintenance- metabolism, body temp
Productions- growth, production of milk, eggs, wool
define digestibility
Amount of feed nutrients absorbed from the digestive tract
What are the four steps of Feed utilization
- Digestion
- Absorption
- Circulation
- Metabolism
Feed Classifications (8)
Dry Roughages and forages- hay Range, pasture silages-fermented corn energy feeds- fruits nuts protein supplements mineral supplements vitamin supplements non-nutritive additives (color)
Define digestion
breakdown of food.feed into smaller components that can be absorbed in the blood stream
Mechanical digestion
Chewing
Chemical digestion
Saliva, stomach acid,
Herbivore
plants
Carnivore
meat
Omnivore
plant and meat
Examples of monogastic
swine, horses, chickens
Polygastic
cattle, goats, sheep
4 basic parts of digestive tract
Mouth
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
Crop of chicken
Stores feed
grandular stomach of chicken
secretes gastric juices
Gizzard of chicken
Grinds feed into smaller particles
Four parts of Ruminant digestive
Rumen-largest
Reticulum-honeycomb
omasum-many folds
abomasum-true stomach
define myofiber
muscle fiber
individual muscle cell
multinucleated
ability to contract
Myosin
Thick filament (red) protein
Actin
Thin filament (blue) protein
hypertrophy
increase in cell volume and structure (size)
Hyperplasia
Increase in cell number
How to calculate Protein accretion ( hypertrophy)
Protien synthesis - protein degradation
Ethology
the study of animals behavior in response to its environment
Instinct
reflexes present at birth
Habituation
No longer respond to a repeated stimulis
ex. scarecrow
Conditioning
Associtation formed between action and reward
Classical Contioning
Association made between unconditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus
ex. clicking with drool
Operant Conditioning
Animal learns a behavior as a result of the consequences (reinforcement) that follow the display of that behavior
ex. good dog
Reasoning
The ability to correctly respond to a novel stimulus the first time
Intelligence
The ability to lean and adjust with trial and error
imprinting
young bonding to mother
caregiver
Types of behavior
Ingestive-eating Eliminative- Allelomimetic- routine Sexual Care giving/seeking Shelter seeking Investigative abnormal
Define Animal health
The state of the individual animal in complete harmony with their environment
Examples of Unhealthy animals
Loss of appetite depressed droopy ears, lowered head, rough coat seperates itself from herd Respiratory problems urine/fecal changes elevated temp
How to detect unhealthy animals
Learn normal eating habits normal fecal patterns normal activity observe the herd learn sounds of commication of herd
Physiological, anatomical, or chemical changes that differ from normal…..
symptoms
Two types of disease
noninfectious- injury, toxins,
infectious- microorganisms in the body
an infectious disease transmitted via infectious agent from animal to animal
contagious disease
Mortality vs. morbidity
Mortality is the life worth the cost?
Antiseptics
Applied to tissue
prevent growth of microoganisms
Disinfectants
applied to inanimated objects
destroy pathogenic microorganisms
Biological medications
prevent disease
Pharmaceuticals
treat disease
Topically meds
applied to skin
orally meds
by mouth
Injection meds
subcutaneous
intramuscular
intravenous
the environment which animals are exposed directly affects their ability to…
reproduce
resist disease
treated humanely
What is animal productivity influenced by?
genetics
and different environmental factors
Intensive management
fit the environment to the livestock
extensive management
fit the livestock to the environment
Four ways heat is gained or lost by the animal
radiation
conduction
convection
evaporation
