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Fundamentals Of Investigation Final > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

How does federal authority differ from state and local and what is the main difference?

A

It is derived from U.S. constitution and congress
Can only enforce federal law not state or local
Only focuses on service not maintenance or crime control

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2
Q

What are the different standards of proof needed for different courses of actions?

A

Reasonable suspicion: needed for stop and frisk
Probable cause: needed for investigative purposes eg search
Preponderance of evidence: needed to win a civil case
Beyond a reasonable doubt: needed to win a criminal case

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3
Q

Why are undercover operations so popular?

A

They are self sustaining

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4
Q

What is hotspot patrol

A

Hotspot patrol also known as saturated patrol or direct patrol focuses on increased focus in a particular area

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5
Q

What is the difference between direct evidence, indirect evidence and real evidence

A

Direct evidence: any crime related information that immediately demonstrates a fact eg eye witnesses

Indirect: circumstantial evidence

Real: any physical tangible object

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6
Q

What is a task force?

A

A task force is a group of representatives from select agencies who come together to deal w one issue. Temporary in nature as they dissolve after issue taken care of.

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7
Q

What is a terry frisk or a stop and frisk?

A

When an officer has reasonable suspicion to stop a person and conduct a limited search thus a frisk which is a protective pat down of the outer garments for a limited weapon search

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8
Q

What is a crackdown?

A

When law enforcement puts increased focus on a select area or issue

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9
Q

What are known examples of demonstrative evidence and testimonial evidence

A

Demonstrative: diagrams - sketches etc
Testimonial: lay or expert witnesses

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10
Q

What are the different forms of identification evidence

A

Physical eg DNA or fingerprints
ID cards
Line ups etc

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11
Q

What is the exclusionary rule?

A

The exclusionary rule means that any evidence collected during an unlawful search or seizure is inadmissible in court. Weeks V Us - federal/ Mapp v Ohio - state

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12
Q

What are some of the fundamental principles of geographic profiling

A

Most helpful in serial crimes or singular crimes with multiple scenes.
Humans do not move randomly through their environment
People spend the most time in familiar areas
Criminals unlikely to commit crimes that take them far from home
Areas of familiarity have anchor points: important points in the area eg home:work
Cognitive maps of an area: the to and from routes for anchor points memorised by offenders
Most activity occurs in comfort zones and travel is non random
Buffer zone: too close to home to commit crime
The further from home; the less likely to commit crimes

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13
Q

What is an AMBER alert

A

Americas missing: broadcast emergency response
Created in 1996
An amber alert broadcasts to the public a description and photograph of the missing child, the suspected perp and vehicle alongside a tip line number. This alert is broadcasted by radio or television

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14
Q

What is biometric technology mainly used

For

A

Biometric technology is any technology that can identify a person by measuring a feature of that persons unique physical characteristics. Mainly used for identification. Examples are DNA

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15
Q

What is the difference between class and individual characteristics

A

Class characteristic point to a group while individual identifies an individual

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16
Q

What is the goal of cross examination

A

To impeach the witness

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17
Q

What is the purpose of the fifth amendment

A

Provides suspects with right against self incrimination and most prominent right to remain silent

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18
Q

What is the primary cause of convicting innocent people

A

Perjury or false accusations in part of a citizen

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19
Q

What is some of the reasons we should give the Miranda warning and when do we not have to provide it

A

Give: save police from law suits or misconduct or exclusionary rule

Don’t give:
To prevent possible immediate danger to the public
The police can question suspects who are in custody in a limited manner without first providing the Miranda warnings
Police working undercover do not need to provide it
Police do not need to provide Miranda during roadside questioning of motorists

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20
Q

What are some recommendations for conducting a line up from the Supreme Court

A

One. The person who conducts the line up should not be aware of which member is the suspect

Two. Eyewitnesses should be told explicitly that the person in question might not be in the line up this should not feel pressured to make identification

Three. The suspect should not stand out in the line up as being different from the other five based on the eyewitnesses previous description of the culprit

Four. Any clear statement should be taken from the eye witness at the time of the ID and prior to any feedbacks as to their confidence that the identified person is the actual culprit.

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21
Q

What is entrapment

A

When police manipulate someone into committing a crime that they had no plan on committing before

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22
Q

When does an arrest actually take place?

A

An arrest actually takes place when police take a person into custody for the purpose of criminal prosecution and interrogation. Police deprive that individual of the freedom to leave

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23
Q

What is an interrogation v an interview

A

An interview is a conversation that is non accusatory usually used to gain surface information - interrogation focused on eliciting incriminating statements

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24
Q

What is the name of. Type of interrogation that we use when watching body language to determine if someone is lying to us?

A

Kinescis

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25
Q

How useful is psychological profiling and when was it developed?

A

1981 (FBI): 192 cases requested profile - suspect was found in 88 (46%). Of solved cases, 15 profiles helped in id (17%)

First mentioned by Edgar Allen Poe (1841)
Used for Jack the Ripper 
1950s: NYPD used it 
1960s: Boston strangler 
1970s: BSU made
26
Q

Verbal indicators of deception

A 
Use present tense 
Subjects delay answering 
2 sec no 
Repeat question asked 
Emphasis on claims of truthfulness
TRP: change in tone + rate + pitch = deceit
27
Q

What are some non-verbal indicators of deception

A

Adam’s apple bounce

Arms crossed

Eye blink: rapid or half blink

Hand behind head

28
Q

What is PMI

A

Post mortem interval eg time of death

29
Q

What are the different methods used to establish PMI

A 
Temperature of the body: algor Mortis 
Stomach contents 
Potassium levels in eyes 
Livor Mortis 
Rigor Mortis
30
Q

What are four ways one can die

A

Homicide
Accidental
Suicide
Natural causes

31
Q

What is the difference between inculpatory and exculpatory evidence

A

Inculpatory: evidence is inclusive of a suspect
Exculpatory: suspect is cleared by evidence

32
Q

How long does it take for livor Mortis to set in? Marbling? Rigor to start/full/leave?

A 
Livor: one to two hours 
Marbling: 36-48 hours 
Rigor to start: two to four hours 
Full rigor: twelve hours 
Rigor to leave: twenty four hours
33
Q

When do blood blister form?

A

4-6 days after death

34
Q

What are the characteristics of an organised crime scene?

A

Usually orderly and reflects a high degree of control
Scene tends to be neat and sometimes clean
Little to no evidence present

Meaning
Suggests crime planned
Victim was likely targeted stranger
Restraints used on the victim
Body likely to have been moved and or hidden
Very controlling, sadistic- likes to torture or beat

35
Q

What are the characteristic of a disorganised crime scene?

A

Likely to be sloppy and disorderly
Usually evidence is left at the scene ie weapon
Weapon is likely something the suspect did not bring with them

Meaning
Offence not planned
Victim or location of murder familiar. offender lives near by
Restraints likely not used
Sexual acts likely performed after death
Victim likely to have been left at the scene

36
Q

What are the characteristics of a disorganised offender

A 
16-30 years old 
Single
Lives alone
Usually below average intelligence 
Often a high school dropout 
History of mental health issues 
Thin build 
Physical or verbal impediment 
Lives or works near crime 
May not own car but it does its run down 
Sexually incompetent usually Virgin
37
Q

What are the characteristics of an organised offender

A 
Same age as victim 
Under 35
Same race as victim 
May be married or living w partner 
Average or above intelligence 
May have attended college 
Maybe well built or athletic 
Usually lives away from crime 
Clean and well maintained crime 
Likely employed in a skilled profession 
Previous arrests for violence or sex offensed
38
Q

What is the national centre for missing and abused children and EPIC data bases and their roles

A

NCMEC: has an Internet site for tip line to receive information on: sex offenders and children who are at risk of sexual abuse

EPIC: El Paso intelligence centre
Collects, processes and disseminates information concerning. Illegal drug use, alien smuggling and weapons trafficking

39
Q

What are the statistics for homicide arrestees

A 
92% adult
48.7% black
48.4% white
63.4% involved firearm 
13.1% knife 
6.7% hands, feet or blunt weapon 
2% poison, drowning, strangulation and asphyxiation
40
Q

What is crime stoppers

A

Is a non profit corporation
Established 1976
Offers cash rewards (up to $1000) to anonymous persons with information leading to arrest of the responsible person
Law enforcement personnel staff the phone lines

41
Q

What is the NCIC database

A

National Crime Information Centre
Consists of centralised database and a network of connecting computer terminals located in criminal justice agencies throughout the country. The largest crime information network system in the U.S.
Maintained but not run by the FBI
No agreement with Mexican government so cannot run Mexican licenses
Uses: wanted persons, missing persons, criminal history, stolen or felon vehicles, stolen firearms, Canadian warrants, U.S. Secret service protective file, foreign fugitive file and gang and terrorist file

42
Q

What is the most common form of larceny

A

Theft from motor vehicles

43
Q

Do burglars choose targets randomly

A

Rarely will generally plan in advance

44
Q

What is the definition of burglary and how does it differ from theft

A

Unlawful entrance into a private property to commit a theft or felony. Theft doesn’t involve break in

45
Q

How does burglary differ from robbery

A

It does not need the element of force

46
Q

Are most stolen vehicles recovered

A

Most recovered but low clearance rate (14%)

47
Q

What is extortion

A

Extortion occurs when one person obtains property from another as a result of actual or threatened force or fear or by using the authority of an offical officer

48
Q

What is the most common type of forensic evidence collected and what is forensic evidence mainly used for

A

DNA and prosecution

49
Q

What are the three types of fingerprints

A

Visible transferred
Visible impression
Latent

50
Q

What is a chain of custody

A

A chain of custody is a report of all individuals who had custody of evidence from when it was collected from the crime scene to when it was presented in court and when everyone had custody

51
Q

What are elimination prints

A

All fingerprints belonging to individuals known to have legal access to the scene. Prints are then compared to recovered prints and any that don’t match may belong to the prep

52
Q

What is cognitive interviewing

A

Cognitive interviewing encourages the witness to reinstate the context in which the observed event took place and to search through memory for details. Focus on eyewitnesses. Basically, hypothesis. Focus on memory recall.
One. Witness is encouraged to recreate the context of the original event. Focus on physical and psychological characteristics of the environment the event occurred in.
Two. Focus on deep concentration. Eg deep breathing and eye closure
Three. Encouraged to search memory

53
Q

Read about the trial process

A

Z

54
Q

Read about functions of investigative reports

A

Z

55
Q

What is the role of investigative reports

A

Basic information about the criminal incident and the evidence in the case.
The offender MO
Description of the suspects
Property taken
Cover or original report: written by lead officers
Supplementary: can be written by lead officer or other officers with relevant information.
1. Documenting crime and evidence in the case
2. Allow prosecutors to become familiar with details of the crime
3. Help investigators to refresh their memories in court
4. Allows defence attorneys to become familiar with the investigation and associated evidence

56
Q

What percentage of burglaries are residential

A

65%

57
Q

How many burglaries are committed in the day

A

61%

58
Q

What are the common methods of burglary

A
  1. Stake out house before burglary (61%)
  2. Acquainted with the victim (21%)
  3. Tipped off by another (6%)
  4. Other (12%)

Physical evidence usually plays a small role in burglary investigation

59
Q

How many rape victims knew their attackers?

A

66%

60
Q

How many felony suspects waive their Miranda rights

A

84%

61
Q

What are the memory process

A

Encoding
Storage
Retrieval

62
Q

What are the types of witnesses

A

Primary
Eyewitness: saw crime
Non- eye witness: heard crime or saw before or after

Secondary
Individuals who possess information about related events before or after the crime

Fundamentals Of Investigation Final (1 decks)

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