Final

Question 1

What is a theory?

Answer 1

framework for making sense of the multitude of interactions that occur within the therapeutic relationship

Question 2

Theory as a roadmap

Answer 2

helpers may emphasize feeling, thinking, and/or behaving based on their theoretical perspectives
helpers may focus on the past, present, and future as the most productive avenue of exploration

Question 3

five contemporary theoretical orientations

Answer 3

1. psychodynamic approches
2. experiential and relationship-oriented approaches
3. cognitive behavioral approaches
4. postmodern approaches
5. family systems approaches

Question 4

psychodynamic approaches

Answer 4

stress insight in therapy, assist clients in working through deeply rooted personality problems
psychoanalytic approach- personality reconstruction, longer term exploration of personality, make the unconscious conscious, emphasis on transference and countertransference
techniques- maintain the analytic framework, free association, interpretation, dream analysis, analysis of resistance, analysis of transference
alderian approach- client from client perspective, collaborative partnership, individual subjective perspective, challenge clients mistaken notions and faulty assumptions, not viewed as sick or need help
techniques- cognitive, behavioral and experiential

Question 5

experiential and relationship-oriented approaches

Answer 5

stress feelings and subjective experiencing Existential approach- author of life, anxiety is a human condition, death gives significance to life, self aware, accept responsibility
Person-centered approach- client centered, clients run the sessions, effective helping based on the quality of the relationship, techniques are secondary to counselors attitude
Gestalt therapy- here-and-now experiences, emphasize doing rather than talking, I/thou dialogue

Question 6

cognitive behavioral approaches

Answer 6

stress the role of thinking and doing and tend to be action-oriented
Behavior therapy- observable behavior, learning experiences promote change, lots of evaluation
Rational emotive behavior therapy- emotional problems are the result of ones beliefs, not events. aim to change disturbances in thinking, feeling and behaving
Cognitive therapy- discover connection between thinking, feeling and behavior
Reality therapy- emphasis on total behavior, assess current behavior to see how to change

Question 7

postmodern approaches

Answer 7

stress a collaborative and consultative stance of the therapists part
Solution-focused brief therapy- small changes pave the way for bigger change, focus on future
Narrative therapy-makes meaning of stories, person is not the problem, problem is the problem

Question 8

family systems approaches

Answer 8

stress understanding the individual within the entire system of which he/she is a part
family therapy- shift from individual to family, patterns of relationships are not working

Question 9

An integrative approach to the helping process

Answer 9

each theory has something unique to contribute to a counselors style
it is possible to draw techniques from most of the contemporary theoretical models
developing an integrative perspective takes much study and clinical practice

Question 10

law

Answer 10

• Defines the minimum standards society will tolerate
• These standards are enforced by government agencies
• It is critical that helpers be able to identify legal problems as they arise in their work
• When confronted with a legal issue, consult a lawyer to determine which course of action to take

Question 11

ethics

Answer 11

• Represent aspirational goals, or the maximum or ideal standards set by the profession
• Standards are enforced largely by professional associations
• Standards serve a form of protection for the client, but they also help counselors ensure their own self care
• Broad in nature and subjected to interpretation by practitioners

Question 12

Purpose of professional codes

Answer 12

educate regarding responsibility, basis for accountability, protect rights and welfare of clients, basis for improving professional practice

Question 13

Ethical Decision Making Model

Answer 13

• identify the problem
• identify the potential issues involved
• apply the relevant code of ethics
• knowing the applicable laws and regulations
• obtain consultation
• consider possible and probably courses of action
• explore the consequences of various decisions
• decide on the best course of action

Question 14

informed consent

Answer 14

the American counseling association states: counselors explicitly explain to clients the nature of all services provided. They inform clients about issues such as, but not limited to, the following: the purposes, goals, techniques, procedures, limitations, potential risks, and benefits of services, the counselors qualification, credentials, and relevant experiences

Question 15

confidentiality

Answer 15

• built on trust
• helpers must not disclose information except when required by law or authorized by the client to do so
• all professional codes state that clients have the right to know about any limitations of confidentiality at the onset, during informed consent

Question 16

When to break confidentiality

Answer 16

client poses a danger to self or others or need to be hospitalized
child abuse or neglect, incest
elder abuse/ dependent adult abuse
suicidal or homicidal suspicions

Question 17

Model to manage dual relationships

Answer 17

• secure informed consent
• seek consultation
• document and monitor practices
• obtain supervision
• involve the client in setting the boundaries of the relationship
• set healthy boundaries from the outset
• discuss the potential benefits and risks with client

Question 18

boundary crossing

Answer 18

•a departure from standard practice that could potentially benefit the client
ex: go to a funeral for someone who lost a loved one

Question 19

boundary violation

Answer 19

•a serious breach that can cause harm

ex: relationship

Question 20

Multiple Relationships

Answer 20

• when professional assumes two or more roles simultaneously or sequentially with a person seeking their help
• prohibited
• could be harmful, exploitive or likely to affect professional relationship

Question 21

Types of groups

Answer 21

counseling groups and Psychoeducational groups

Question 22

Counseling groups

Answer 22

Focus on interpersonal process and problem-solving strategies to address problems in living or developmental concerns
Use interactive feedback and support methods in a here and now time frame
Emphasize discovering inner personal strengths and constructively dealing with barrier

Question 23

Psychoeducational groups

Answer 23

Referred to as structured groups
Designed to prevent an array of educational deficits and psychological problems
Ex: parenting skills, stress management

Question 24

stages of group

Answer 24

Pre-group stage- Entails designing a group proposal and attracting, screening, and selecting members
•Initial stage- A time of orientation and exploration
•Transition stage- Involves dealing with anxiety, reluctance, defensiveness, and conflict before delving into deeper issues
•Working stage- Characterized by productiveness, which builds on the effective work done in the initial and transition stages
•Final stage- Involves terminating, summarizing, and integrating and interpreting the group experience

Question 25

Tasks of Group Leaders

Answer 25

• Aware of group processes and know how to tap the groups healing forces
• Supervised training is an indispensable element in developing competence in group work
• Intervene effectively with defensive group members
• Understand the ways in which their values and needs may have an impact on the group process
• Follow the “best practice guide lines”
• Use co-leadership
• Being a group member is an excellent way to increase self-awareness and learn about group process